Screening for HIV-Associated Anal Cancer (TRACE)

Cancer of the anus occurs at very high rates in young men with HIV and is caused by a virus called human papillomavirus (HPV). Anal cancer has increased during the HIV epidemic despite effective therapies for HIV. Unfortunately, anal cancer presents at a late stage because there is no screening program to find it at an early stage.

Rates of other cancers such as cervical cancer have been reduced through the use of Pap smears. The researchers' plan is to do the same type of screening for anal cancer as has been done for cervical cancer. If abnormalities are found then treatment can be started. The researchers hope that this approach will help to prevent anal cancer.

Testing for HPV will also be done to see if this helps to detect early cancer and to see how accurate different tests, pathologists and clinical examiners are at detecting and agreeing on any abnormalities.

The main outcome is the presence of any pre-cancerous or early cancer changes as determined by high resolution anoscopy (HRA). HRA involves looking through a microscope into the anus and this allows very tiny changes to be identified. Pieces of tissue can then be taken to make a definite diagnosis.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: HIV Infections; Papillomavirus Infections; Anal Cancer; Anal Dysplasia

Detailed Description

Anal cancer occurs at a rate which is 163-fold greater in young men with HIV. It is caused by another virus, HPV. The incidence has doubled during the HIV epidemic and is not decreasing despite effective antiretroviral therapy. It is important to have an anal cancer screening program to detect precancerous lesions; this has been done for the prevention of cervical cancer through the use of cervical Pap smears.We will do anal Pap smears, HPV testing and perform high resolution anoscopy for a magnified and detailed view of the anus. Biopsies are done and early treatment is initiated. It is anticipated that this approach will help to prevent anal cancer.

SPECIFIC AIMS:

The aim of this study is to determine the accuracy of pathology and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing in identifying precancerous changes in HIV positive men. The primary question is to determine how good the anal Pap smears are for detecting precancerous changes in the anus. Secondary questions involve: (a) determination of the test characteristics of the anal Pap smear, (b) assessment of agreement in visually detecting pre-cancers by the anoscopists and, (c) a determination of the viral and patient characteristics that predict pre-cancer.

STUDY DESIGN:

This is a cross-sectional survey of HIV positive men with a history of anal receptive intercourse who are attending several Toronto HIV clinics. Relevant information is collected as well as anal specimens for assessment. There is a multidisciplinary team who have the appropriate expertise in these studies.

OUTCOME MEASURES and STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:

The primary outcome measure is the presence of pre-cancerous changes as determined by high resolution anoscopy. We need to screen 425 subjects in order to find 100 patients with high grade pre-cancerous changes.

Secondary outcome analyses include specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of cytology and HPV DNA testing to detect histologically confirmed pre-cancerous changes or cancer.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 401

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Canada
  • Ontario
    • Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 2C4
      • Toronto General Hospital

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: Male

• Sampling Method: Probability Sample

Study Population

HIV + MSM who had High Resolution Anoscopy

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• HIV-infected men,
• History of anal receptive intercourse,
• Minimum age 18 years.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Known anal cancer,
• Bleeding diathesis that might preclude anoscopy and biopsy.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Number of groups / cohorts

2

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort
High-grade disease; Those who had histologic anal high-grade disease.
Control; Those who had less than highgrade histologic anal disease

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University Health Network, Toronto
• Collaborators: Canadian Foundation for AIDS Research (CANFAR); Ontario HIV Treatment Network
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Irving E Salit, MD, Toronto General Hospital

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: August 1, 2002
• Primary Completion (Actual): June 1, 2012
• Study Completion (Actual): June 1, 2012

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: September 9, 2005
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 9, 2005
• First Posted (Estimate): September 16, 2005

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): March 8, 2016
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 4, 2016
• Last Verified: March 1, 2016

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: HIV; Immunodeficiency; Human Papillomavirus; Cancer screening; Anal
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Digestive System Diseases; Pathologic Processes; Virus Diseases; Neoplasms; Neoplasms by Site; Disease Attributes; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Digestive System Neoplasms; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Intestinal Diseases; DNA Virus Infections; Intestinal Neoplasms; Rectal Diseases; Tumor Virus Infections; Colorectal Neoplasms; Rectal Neoplasms; Anus Diseases; Infections; Communicable Diseases; Anus Neoplasms; Papillomavirus Infections
• Other Study ID Numbers: REB #02-0325-B; #016005 (Other Grant/Funding Number: CANFAR)