Diurnal Variation of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1

The Effects of Night-time Versus Morning Administration of Eplerenone on the Diurnal Variation of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1

To determine if nighttime administration of an aldosterone antagonist would effectively lower peak plasma Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels more effectively than morning administration.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Metabolic Syndrome X
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Eplerenone (Morning); Drug: Eplerenone (Night-time)

Detailed Description

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, a member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) superfamily, is the principal inhibitor to tissue-type plasminogen activator and urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Elevated plasma PAI-1 levels, an independent cardiovascular risk factor, has been shown to be a predictor of recurrent myocardial infarction (MI). Acute changes in plasma PAI-1 after MI is a predictor of mortality. PAI-1 levels are elevated in the individuals with hypertension, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, and the constellation of risk-factors known as the metabolic syndrome. PAI-1 is synthesized in the liver, vascular endothelium, vascular smooth muscle, and visceral adipose tissue. A number of factors have been shown to regulate PAI-1, including metabolic factors such as insulin, glucose, triglycerides; inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, interleukin-1, and more notably, components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), namely angiotensin II and aldosterone.

PAI-1 also has a diurnal variation with a peak plasma level occurring between 8 and 9 AM that may help explain why the incidence of acute MI is highest in the morning and why thrombolysis is least effective at that time. PAI-1's diurnal variation is been shown to be directly regulated by central and peripheral circadian pacemakers in vitro, and in vivo. Our group has observed that the diurnal variation of plasma PAI-1 levels is blunted and delayed in blind individuals who's circadian mechanisms are free running (not controlled by a central circadian pacemaker) when compared to those whose circadian rhythms are entrained (controlled by a central circadian pacemaker) (unpublished data), suggesting an additional system may modulate diurnal variation of PAI-1. As plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone levels peak earlier than PAI-1 levels, they may be partially responsible. Indeed, continuous infusion of candesartan eliminated diurnal variation of aortic PAI-1 message expression in Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats, while hydralazine did not.

The use of therapies to modulate plasma PAI-1 levels in human subjects have met with variable success. Low salt diet was shown to increase plasma PAI-1 levels in normotensive subjects in a manner that correlated with plasma aldosterone levels. Twice daily treatment with quinapril (40mg) lowered plasma PAI-1 levels during the expected peak time. In a second study of twice daily quinapril compared to twice daily losartan in normotensive subjects both only had a modest effect on plasma PAI-1 levels. A third study helped to explain this finding. In a crossover study, hypertensive subjects received daily spironolactone or hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in a randomized fashion. Plasma PAI-1 levels were increased after HCTZ treatment, but not significantly changed from baseline with spironolactone treatment. Spironolactone treatment, however, resulted in significantly higher aldosterone levels. The correlation between plasma aldosterone and PAI-1 that was observed at baseline and with HCTZ treatment was not observed in the spironolactone arm, suggesting that the endogenous relationship between aldosterone and PAI-1 can be disrupted by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 21
• Phase: Phase 4

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Tennessee
    • Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37232-8802
      • Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 65 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age18-65

• Metabolic Syndrome (3 or more of the following):

  1. Blood pressure 130/85 or greater
  2. Central obesity (Waist - Male > 40", Female > 35")
  3. Fasting glucose ≥ 110 mg/dl
  4. Low HDL (Male < 40 mg/dl, Female < 50 mg/dl)
  5. Elevated Triglycerides (> 150 mg/dl)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Cigarette Use
• Renal insufficiency
• Coronary Artery Disease
• Diabetes
• Blindness
• Cerebrovascular Disease
• Secondary hypertension (renal artery stenosis, pheo, etc.)
• RAAS disease (Primary Aldosteronism, etc.)
• Other chronic illness (cancer, autoimmune or liver disease)
• Pregnancy
• Anemia (Hgb < 12 mg/dl)
• Evening or Night Shift work
• Transmeridian travel in previous 6 months
• History of sleep disorders
• Hypokalemia (serum potassium < 3.5 milliequivalent (mEq/L)
• Hyperkalemia (serum potassium > 5.5 mEq/L
• Reported hypersensitivity to HCTZ or eplerenone

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Basic Science
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Triple

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Daytime then nightime dosing; Eplerenone - 50mg, by mouth, daily, in the morning x 2 weeks followed by 100mg, by mouth, daily, in the morning x 4 weeks then patients cross over to 50mg, by mouth, daily, in the evening x 2 weeks followed by 100mg, by mouth, daily, in the evening x 4 weeks.	Drug: Eplerenone (Morning); Eplerenone - 50mg, by mouth, daily, in the morning x 2 weeks followed by 4 weeks at 100mg. 100mg, by mouth, daily, in the morning x 4 weeks then patients cross over to 100mg, by mouth, daily, in the evening x another 4 weeks.; Other Names: Inspra; Drug: Eplerenone (Night-time); Eplerenone - 50mg, by mouth, daily in the evening x 2 weeks followed by 4 weeks at 100mg; Other Names: Inspra
Experimental: Nighttime then daytime dosing; Eplerenone - 50mg, by mouth, daily, in the evening x 2 weeks followed by 100mg, by mouth, daily, in the evening x 4 weeks then patients cross over to 50mg, by mouth, daily, in the morning x 2 weeks followed by 100mg, by mouth, daily, in the morning x 4 weeks.	Drug: Eplerenone (Morning); Eplerenone - 50mg, by mouth, daily, in the morning x 2 weeks followed by 4 weeks at 100mg. 100mg, by mouth, daily, in the morning x 4 weeks then patients cross over to 100mg, by mouth, daily, in the evening x another 4 weeks.; Other Names: Inspra; Drug: Eplerenone (Night-time); Eplerenone - 50mg, by mouth, daily in the evening x 2 weeks followed by 4 weeks at 100mg; Other Names: Inspra

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) Levels	baseline PAI-1 levels prior to drug administration	Baseline
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) Levels	PAI-1 levels after Eplerenone 50mg daily for 2 weeks then 100mg daily for 4 weeks. Time of administration varied in the arms, either morning or night time dosing.	after 6 weeks on Eplerenone

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Vanderbilt University Medical Center
• Collaborators: National Center for Research Resources (NCRR)
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: James A Muldowney, III, MD, Vanderbilt University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: April 1, 2007
• Primary Completion (Actual): April 1, 2010
• Study Completion (Actual): April 1, 2010

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: August 9, 2007
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 10, 2007
• First Posted (Estimate): August 13, 2007

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): February 1, 2019
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 31, 2019
• Last Verified: January 1, 2019

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Metabolic syndrome; Aldosterone inhibitor; Diurnal drug regimen; PAI-1 levels
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Metabolic Diseases; Insulin Resistance; Hyperinsulinism; Metabolic Syndrome; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Antihypertensive Agents; Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists; Natriuretic Agents; Diuretics; Hormone Antagonists; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; Diuretics, Potassium Sparing; Eplerenone
• Other Study ID Numbers: 070183