Assessing the Effect of Sustainable Small-scale Egg Production on Maternal and Child Nutrition in Rural Zambia

Animal source foods (ASF), such as meat and eggs, are rich in nutrients critical for growth and development. Yet, for poor children in developing countries, ASF consumption is limited by cost, inadequate caregiver knowledge, and lack of local production and physical availability. The impact of HH- and village-level livestock interventions on household dietary diversity and nutritional status in resource-poor communities is not well established. The objective of this study is to test the effectiveness of local egg production intervention on maternal and child diets and child nutrition status.

This project takes place in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia in partnership with a local non-governmental organization, COMACO. Twenty communities will be assigned to the intervention, and 20 matched communities will be selected as controls. In each intervention community, an egg production facility will be built, owned, and operated by trained COMACO farmers.

Households (HHs) in each community will be sampled twice annually for 1 year pre-intervention (baseline) and 1 year post-intervention to assess dietary diversity and nutritional status. Data analysis will test for a change in these outcomes from baseline in each intervention community compared to the matched control community.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Malnutrition, Child; Malnutrition, Infant
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Egg production

Detailed Description

The objective of this study is to test the effectiveness of an intervention establishing local egg production on maternal and child diets and nutrition status. The investigators hypothesize that this intervention, combined with appropriate agricultural extension and nutrition education programs, will result in: 1) increased total household, maternal, and child consumption of eggs; 2) improved maternal and child dietary quality; and 3) improved infant/ young child nutritional status.

The investigators will test this hypothesis in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia in partnership with a local non-governmental organization, Community Markets for Conservation (COMACO). The forty study sites are located in four geographic clusters (Chiefdoms) in Eastern Province Zambia. These Chiefdoms are located in two districts: Mambwe (Mnkhanya, Jumbe, and Nsefu Chiefdoms) and Lundazi (Mwanya Chiefdom).

Twenty communities will be assigned to the intervention (egg production), and 20 matched communities will be selected as controls (no intervention). In each intervention community, an egg production facility will be built, each owned and operated by trained COMACO farmers, mostly women. Each group will be provided layer pullets at point-of-lay and layer mash. Facility owners will make all business decisions, retain all profits, and will be responsible for all upkeep costs.

In a repeated cross-sectional study design, indicators of food security, wealth, diet, nutritional status (anthropometrics), and health and wellbeing will be assessed in all egg-producing HHs and in women/child dyads (children aged 6-36 months) residing in the area surrounding each facility or central control point. Data will be collected twice annually for 1 year pre-intervention (baseline) and 1 year post-intervention.

The exposure of interest is living in an egg-producing community. In the primary analysis, the investigators will use hierarchical mixed effects modeling to analyze the effect of the program on each of the outcomes of interest (see Outcome Measures section for details).

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 3546
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Zambia
  • Eastern Province
    • Mfuwe, Eastern Province, Zambia
      • COMACO

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 6 months to 3 years (Child)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. the HH dwelling is ≤1.5 km from the egg production facility or central control point;
2. there is a child 6-36 months of age in the HH; and,

Additionally, all HHs that include a member of the egg production group will be enrolled in the study, regardless of whether or not they meet the above inclusion criteria.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. the mother/primary caretaker or head of HH cannot converse with the field staff because of language;
2. the mother/primary caretaker or head of HH is unable to give informed consent or complete an interview without assistance; or,
3. the child is deformed, disabled, severely ill, or unable to cooperate for anthropometric measures.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Non-Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Intervention	Other: Egg production; Establishment and support of a community-owned and -operated egg production facility located at a central location in the community
No Intervention: Control

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in child height-for-age Z-score	Recumbent length for children < 24 months and standing height for those 24-36 months, with WHO Child Growth Standards as the reference population.	6, 12, 18, and 24 months after intervention

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in household egg consumption	7 day recall on total number of chicken or other eggs consumed in the household	6, 12, 18, and 24 months after intervention
Change in maternal egg consumption		6, 12, 18, and 24 months after intervention
Change in child egg consumption		6, 12, 18, and 24 months after intervention
Change in maternal dietary diversity	Measured by Women's Dietary Diversity Score, a 24 hour recall of all foods consumed, organized into 9 food groups	6, 12, 18, and 24 months after intervention
Change in child dietary diversity		6, 12, 18, and 24 months after intervention
Change in child stunting	Defined as having a height-for-age z-score < -2.0, with WHO Growth Standards as the reference population.	6, 12, 18, and 24 months after intervention

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in household food security	Measure by Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), Household Hunger Scale (HHS) and/or Months of inadequate household food provisioning (MIHFP)	6, 12, 18, and 24 months after intervention
Change in producer household and poultry incomes		6, 12, 18, and 24 months after intervention
Change in maternal physical and emotional health	Measured through a 6-item index adapted from RAND short form	6, 12, 18, and 24 months after intervention
Change in maternal nutritional status	Measured by mid-upper arm circumference and body mass index	6, 12, 18, and 24 months after intervention
Change in child weight-for-height Z-score		6, 12, 18, and 24 months after intervention
Change in child weight-for-age Z-score		6, 12, 18, and 24 months after intervention

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Cornell University
• Collaborators: Community Markets for Conservation (COMACO)
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Alexander J Travis, VMD, PhD, Cornell University

Publications and helpful links

Helpful Links

• Community Markets for Conservation (COMACO) official website

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: June 1, 2014
• Primary Completion (Actual): July 1, 2016
• Study Completion (Actual): May 1, 2017

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: August 3, 2015
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 4, 2015
• First Posted (Estimate): August 6, 2015

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): February 6, 2018
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 2, 2018
• Last Verified: February 1, 2018

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: community development; poultry; animal-source food; stunting
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Nutrition Disorders; Malnutrition; Child Nutrition Disorders; Infant Nutrition Disorders
• Other Study ID Numbers: 1402004456