Breakfast Consumption and Energy Balance in Active Adult Males

Comparison of Fasted vs. Carbohydrate and Protein Breakfast on Exercise Metabolism and Rest of the Day Energy Intake

Exercising in the fasted state results in greater fat oxidation during exercise and results in decreased caloric intake in the meals after exercise. However, the studies that examine fasted vs. fed exercise utilize a carbohydrate-based breakfast, which can increase blood glucose and insulin concentrations, which is considered a negative consequence. A protein breakfast, which can increase satiety and rest of day energy intake could also increase resting energy expenditure as well as fat oxidation during exercise. However, comparisons between fasting exercise and pre-exercise breakfast macronutrient intake (i.e., carbohydrate vs. protein) have not been made. Therefore the purpose of this study is to investigate if eating breakfast and the composition of this breakfast before exercise has an effect on the food eaten throughout the rest of the day.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Energy Intake; Substrate Utilization; Hormones; Satiety
• Intervention / Treatment: Dietary supplement: Maltodextrin supplement; Dietary supplement: Maltodextrin supplement; Dietary supplement: Whey supplement; Dietary supplement: Water

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 10
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Ohio
    • Athens, Ohio, United States, 45701
      • Ohio University Exercise Physiology Lab

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 45 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• 18-45 years old
• regularly participate in exercise for at least 150 min per week
• run at least 3 days per week for 30 minutes
• able to complete a VO2max test
• able to exercise for 45 min moderate intensity exercise at one time without breaks

Exclusion Criteria:

• not participating in structured exercise of 150 min/week for the past 6 months
• not running at least 3 days per week for 30 minutes
• not attaining a VO2max of 50 ml/kg/min (60th percentile fitness classification according to the American College of Sports Medicine)
• currently smoke or quit smoking less than one year ago.
• diagnosed with or are being treated for a cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome or a metabolic disorder such as diabetes, thyroid disorder, or high cholesterol.
• food allergies or sensitivities.
• not willing to have blood drawn on 4 occasions during each trial (16 total times)

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Basic Science
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

4

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Carbohydrate-based breakfast + exercise; maltodextrin	Dietary supplement: Maltodextrin supplement; maltodextrin (25g in 12 oz water) 1 hour pre-exercise; Dietary supplement: Maltodextrin supplement; maltodextrin (25g in 12 oz water) with no exercise
Experimental: Protein-based breakfast + exercise; whey	Dietary supplement: Whey supplement; whey (25g in 12 oz water) 1 hour pre-exercise
Experimental: Fasted breakfast + exercise; water	Dietary supplement: Water; non-caloric control (12 oz flavored water) 1 hour pre-exercise
Sham Comparator: Carbohydrate-based breakfast + no exercise; maltodextrin	Dietary supplement: Maltodextrin supplement; maltodextrin (25g in 12 oz water) 1 hour pre-exercise; Dietary supplement: Maltodextrin supplement; maltodextrin (25g in 12 oz water) with no exercise

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in energy expenditure	Measured via indirect calorimetry	immediately pre-breakfast, immediately post-breakfast, immediately pre-exercise, and immediately post-exercise
Change in lunch energy intake	measured via standardized lunch buffet	60 min post-exercise
Change in dinner energy intake	weight of food returned the following day	Day 1 (trial 1); between Days 6 and 8 (trial 2); between Days 11 and 15 (trial 3); and between Days 16 and 22 (trial 4)
Change in appetite	measured via circulating hormones	immediately pre-breakfast, immediately post-breakfast, immediately post-exercise, and immediately pre-lunch
Change in blood glucose	measured via fingerstick blood assessment	immediately pre-breakfast, immediately post-breakfast, immediately post-exercise, immediately pre-lunch, and immediately pre-dinner
Change in subjective hunger	measured via 100mm visual analogue scale, higher scores indicate greater hunger	baseline, immediately pre-breakfast, immediately post-breakfast, immediately post-exercise, immediately pre-lunch, immediately post-lunch, immediately pre-dinner, and immediately post-dinner

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Ohio University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): May 6, 2021
• Primary Completion (Actual): August 27, 2021
• Study Completion (Actual): May 1, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 13, 2021
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 26, 2021
• First Posted (Actual): April 27, 2021

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): September 7, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 6, 2023
• Last Verified: September 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Other Study ID Numbers: 20-F-9

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No