The Effects of Physical Activity in Parkinson's Disease: A Review

Martine Lauzé, Jean-Francois Daneault, Christian Duval, Martine Lauzé, Jean-Francois Daneault, Christian Duval

Abstract

Background: Physical activity (PA) is increasingly advocated as an adjunct intervention for individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the specific benefits of PA on the wide variety of impairments observed in patients with PD has yet to be clearly identified.

Objective: Highlight health parameters that are most likely to improve as a result of PA interventions in patients with PD.

Methods: We compiled results obtained from studies examining a PA intervention in patients with PD and who provided statistical analyses of their results. 868 outcome measures were extracted from 106 papers published from 1981 to 2015. The results were classified as having a statistically significant positive effect or no effect. Then, outcome measures were grouped into four main categories and further divided into sub-categories.

Results: Our review shows that PA seems most effective in improving Physical capacities and Physical and cognitive functional capacities. On the other hand, PA seems less efficient at improving Clinical symptoms of PD and Psychosocial aspects of life, with only 50% or less of results reporting positive effects. The impact of PA on Cognitive functions and Depression also appears weaker, but few studies have examined these outcomes.

Discussion: Our results indicate that PA interventions have a positive impact on physical capacities and functional capacities. However, the effect of PA on symptoms of the disease and psychosocial aspects of life are moderate and show more variability. This review also highlights the need for more research on the effects of PA on cognitive functions, depression as well as specific symptoms of PD.

Keywords: Parkinson; bradykinesia; exercise; physical activity; rehabilitation; tremor.

References

    1. Parkinson’s Disease Fondation, , Accessed 2 May 2016.
    1. Pringsheim T, Jette N, Frolkis A & Steeves TD (2014) The prevalence of Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord, 29, 1583–1590.
    1. Jankovic J (2008) Parkinson’s disease: Clinical features and diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 79, 368–376.
    1. Bartels AL & Leenders KL (2009) Parkinson’s disease: The syndrome, the pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Cortex, 45, 915–921.
    1. Bosboom JLW, Stoffers D & Wolters EC (2004) Cognitive dysfunction and dementia in Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm, 111, 1303–1315.
    1. Gjerstad MD, Wentzel-Larsen T, Aarsland D & Larsen JP (2007) Insomnia in Parkinson’s disease: Frequency and progression over time. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 78, 476–479.
    1. Walsh K & Bennett G (2001) Parkinson’s disease and anxiety. Postgrad Med J, 77, 89–93.
    1. Pluck GC & Brown RG (2002) Apathy in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 73, 636–642.
    1. Sakakibara R, Uchiyama T, Yamanishi T, Shirai K & Hattori T (2008) Bladder and bowel dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm, 115, 443–460.
    1. Ford B (2010) Pain in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord, 25, S98–S103.
    1. Friedman JH, Brown RG, Comella C, Garber CE, Krupp LB, Lou J-S, Marsh L, Nail L, Shulman L & Taylor CB (2007) Fatigue in Parkinson’s disease: A review. MovDisord, 22, 297–308.
    1. Bilowit DS (1956) Establishing physical objectives in the rehabilitation of patients with Parkinson’s disease; gymnasium activities. Phys Ther Rev, 36, 176–178.
    1. Doshay LJ (1962) Method and value of exercise in Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med, 267, 297–299.
    1. Von Werssowetz OF (1964) Parkinsonism, Thomas, Springfield, IL.
    1. Davis JC (1977) Team management of Parkinson’s disease. Am J Occup Ther, 31, 300–308.
    1. Minnigh EC (1971) The changing picture of parkinsonism. II. The Northwestern University concept of rehabilitation through group physical therapy. Rehabil Lit, 32 38–39 passim.
    1. Gibberd FB, Page NG, Spencer KM, Kinnear E & Hawksworth JB (1981) Controlled trial of physiotherapy and occupational therapy for Parkinson’s disease. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 282, 1196.
    1. Palmer SS, Mortimer JA, Webster DD, Bistevins R & Dickinson GL (1986) Exercise therapy for Parkinson’s disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 67, 741–745.
    1. Earhart GM & Falvo MJ (2013) Parkinson disease and exercise. Compr Physiol, 3, 833–848.
    1. Goodwin VA, Richards SH, Taylor RS, Taylor AH & Campbell JL (2008) The effectiveness of exercise interventions for people with Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord, 23, 631–640.
    1. Tomlinson CL, Patel S, Meek C, Clarke CE, Stowe R, Shah L, Sackley CM, Deane KH, Herd CP, Wheatley K & Ives N (2012) Physiotherapy versus placebo or no intervention in Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD002817.
    1. van der Kolk NM & King LA (2013) Effects of exercise on mobility in people with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord, 28, 1587–1596.
    1. Caspersen CJ, Powell KE & Christenson GM (1985) Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep, 100, 126–131.
    1. Rikli RE & Jones CJ (1999) Development and validation of a functional fitness test for community-residing older adults. J Aging Phys Act, 7, 129–161.
    1. Durstine JL, Painter P, Franklin B, Morgan D, Pitetti K & Roberts S (2000) Physical Activity for the Chronically Ill and Disabled. Sports Med, 30, 207–219.
    1. Hedges LV (1981) Distribution theory for Glass’ estimator of effect size and related estimators. J Educ Stat, 6, 107–128.
    1. American College of Sports Medicine, Pescatello LS & Arena R (2014) ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription, , Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health, Baltimore.
    1. Bello O, Sanchez JA, Lopez-Alonso V, Marquez G, Morenilla L, Castro X, Giraldez M, Santos-Garcia D & Fernandez-del-Olmo M (2013) The effects of treadmill or overground walking training program on gait inParkinson’s disease. Gait Posture, 38, 590–595.
    1. Carvalho A, Barbirato D, Araujo N, Martins JV, Cavalcanti JL, Santos TM, Coutinho ES, Laks J & Deslandes AC (2015) Comparison of strength training, aerobic training, and additional physical therapy as supplementary treatments for Parkinson’s disease: Pilot study. Clin Interv Aging, 10, 183–191.
    1. Cheon SM, Chae BK, Sung HR, Lee GC & Kim JW (2013) The efficacy of exercise programs for Parkinson’s disease: Tai chi versus combined exercise. J Clin Neurol, 9, 237–243.
    1. Dibble LE, Hale TF, Marcus RL, Droge J, Gerber JP & LaStayo PC (2006) High-intensity resistance training amplifies muscle hypertrophy and functional gains in persons with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord, 21, 1444–1452.
    1. Dibble LE, Hale TF, Marcus RL, Gerber JP & LaStayo PC (2009) High intensity eccentric resistance training decreases bradykinesia and improves Quality Of Life in persons with Parkinson’s disease: A preliminary study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 15, 752–757.
    1. Hass CJ, Buckley TA, Pitsikoulis C & Barthelemy EJ (2012) Progressive resistance training improves gait initiation in individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Gait Posture, 35, 669–673.
    1. Hirsch MA, Toole T, Maitland CG & Rider RA (2003) The effects of balance training and high-intensity resistance training on persons with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 84, 1109–1117.
    1. Li F, Harmer P, Fitzgerald K, Eckstrom E, Stock R, Galver J, Maddalozzo G & Batya SS (2012) Tai chi and postural stability in patients with Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med, 366, 511–519.
    1. Nakae H & Tsushima H (2014) Effects of home exercise on physical function and activity in home care patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Phys Ther Sci, 26, 1701–1706.
    1. Paul SS, Canning CG, Song J, Fung VS & Sherrington C (2014) Leg muscle power is enhanced by training in people with Parkinson’s disease: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil, 28, 275–288.
    1. Scandalis TA, Bosak A, Berliner JC, Helman LL & Wells MR (2001) Resistance training and gait function in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 80, 38–43 quiz 44-36.
    1. Schilling BK, Pfeiffer RF, Ledoux MS, Karlage RE, Bloomer RJ & Falvo MJ (2010) Effects of moderate-volume, high-load lower-body resistance training on strength and function in persons with Parkinson’s disease: A pilot study. Parkinsons Dis, 2010, 824734.
    1. Shulman LM, Katzel LI, Ivey FM, Sorkin JD, Favors K, Anderson KE, Smith BA, Reich SG, Weiner WJ & Macko RF (2013) Randomized clinical trial of 3 types of physical exercise for patients with Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol, 70, 183–190.
    1. Szekely BC, Kosanovich NN & Sheppard W (1982) Adjunctive treatment in Parkinson’s disease: Physical therapy and comprehensive group therapy. Rehabil Lit, 43, 72–76.
    1. Toole T, Hirsch MA, Forkink A, Lehman DA & Maitland CG (2000) The effects of a balance and strength training program on equilibrium in Parkinsonism: A preliminary study. Neurorehabilitation, 14, 165–174.
    1. Toole T, Maitland CG, Warren E, Hubmann MF & Panton L (2005) The effects of loading and unloading treadmill walking on balance, gait, fall risk, and daily function in Parkinsonism. Neurorehabilitation, 20, 307–322.
    1. Yang YR, Lee YY, Cheng SJ & Wang RY (2010) Downhill walking training in individuals with Parkinson’s disease: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 89, 706–714.
    1. Bridgewater KJ & Sharpe MH (1997) Trunk muscle training and early Parkinson’s disease. Physiother Theory Pract, 13, 139–153.
    1. Corcos DM, Robichaud JA, David FJ, Leurgans SE, Vaillancourt DE, Poon C, Rafferty MR, Kohrt WM & Comella CL (2013) A two-year randomized controlled trial of progressive resistance exercise for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord, 28, 1230–1240.
    1. Ridgel AL, Vitek JL & Alberts JL (2009) Forced, not voluntary, exercise improves motor function in Parkinson’s disease patients. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 23, 600–608.
    1. States RA, Spierer DK & Salem Y (2011) Long-term group exercise for people with Parkinson’s disease: A feasibility study. J Neurol Phys Ther, 35, 122–128.
    1. Cugusi L, Solla P, Zedda F, Loi M, Serpe R, Cannas A, Marrosu F & Mercuro G (2014) Effects of an adapted physical activity program on motor and non-motor functions and quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neurorehabilitation, 35, 789–794.
    1. Formisano R, Pratesi L, Modarelli FT, Bonifati V & Meco G (1992) Rehabilitation and Parkinson’s disease. Scand J Rehabil Med, 24, 157–160.
    1. Patti F, Reggio A, Nicoletti F, Sellaroli T, Deinite G & Nicoletti F (1996) Effects of rehabilitation therapy on Parkinsonians’ disability and functional independence. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 10, 223–231.
    1. Reuter I, Engelhardt M, Stecker K & Baas H (1999) Therapeutic value of exercise training in Parkinson’s disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 31, 1544.
    1. Caglar AT, Gurses HN, Mutluay FK & Kiziltan G (2005) Effects of home exercises on motor performance in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Clin Rehabil, 19, 870–877.
    1. Duncan RP & Earhart GM (2012) Randomized controlled trial of community-based dancing to modify disease progression in Parkinson disease. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 26, 132–143.
    1. Shen X & Mak MK (2012) Repetitive step training with preparatory signals improves stability limits in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Rehabil Med, 44, 944–949.
    1. Choi HJ, Garber CE, Jun TW, Jin YS, Chung SJ & Kang HJ (2013) Therapeutic effects of tai chi in patients with Parkinson’s disease. ISRN Neurol, 2013, 548240.
    1. Harro CC, Shoemaker MJ, Frey O, Gamble AC, Harring KB, Karl KL, McDonald JD, Murray CJ, VanDyke JM, Tomassi EM & VanHaitsma RJ (2014) The effects of speed-dependent treadmill training and rhythmic auditory-cued overground walking on balance function, fall incidence, and quality of life in individuals with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: A randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation, 34, 541–556.
    1. Uc EY, Doerschug KC, Magnotta V, Dawson JD, Thomsen TR, Kline JN, Rizzo M, Newman SR, Mehta S, Grabowski TJ, Bruss J, Blanchette DR, Anderson SW, Voss MW, Kramer AF & Darling WG (2014) Phase I/II randomized trial of aerobic exercise in Parkinson disease in a community setting. Neurology, 83, 413–425.
    1. Bridgewater KJ & Sharpe MH (1996) Aerobic exercise and early Parkinson’s disease. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 10, 233–241.
    1. Burini D, Farabollini B, Iacucci S, Rimatori C, Riccardi G, Capecci M, Provinciali L & Ceravolo MG (2006) A randomised controlled cross-over trial of aerobic training versus Qigong in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Eura Medicophys, 42, 231–238.
    1. Reuter I, Leone P, Schwed M & Oechsner M (2006) Effect of Nordic walking in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord, 21, S567.
    1. Kurtais Y, Kutlay S, Tur BS, Gok H & Akbostanci C (2008) Does treadmill training improve lower-extremity tasks in Parkinson disease? A randomized controlled trial. Clin J Sport Med, 18, 289–291.
    1. Skidmore FM, Patterson SL, Shulman LM, Sorkin JD & Macko RF (2008) Pilot safety and feasibility study of treadmill aerobic exercise in Parkinson disease with gait impairment. J Rehabil Res Dev, 45, 117–124.
    1. Pelosin E, Faelli E, Lofrano F, Avanzino L, Marinelli L, Bove M, Ruggeri P & Abbruzzese G (2009) Effects of treadmill training on walking economy in Parkinson’s disease: A pilot study. Neurol Sci, 30, 499–504.
    1. Reuter I, Mehnert S, Leone P, Kaps M, Oechsner M & Engelhardt M (2011) Effects of a flexibility and relaxation programme, walking, and nordic walking on Parkinson’s disease. J Aging Res, 2011, 232473.
    1. Schenkman M, Hall DA, Baron AE, Schwartz RS, Mettler P & Kohrt WM (2012) Exercise for people in early- or mid-stage Parkinson disease: A 16-month randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther, 92, 1395–1410.
    1. Canning CG, Allen NE, Dean CM, Goh L & Fung VS (2012) Home-based treadmill training for individuals with Parkinson’s disease: A randomized controlled pilot trial. Clin Rehabil, 26, 817–826.
    1. Sharma NK, Robbins K, Wagner K & Colgrove YM (2015) A randomized controlled pilot study of the therapeutic effects of yoga in people with Parkinson’s disease. Int J Yoga, 8, 74–79.
    1. Banks MA & Caird F (1989) Physiotherapy benefits patients with Parkinson’s disease. Clin Rehabil, 3, 11–16.
    1. Miyai I, Fujimoto Y, Ueda Y, Yamamoto H, Nozaki S, Saito T & Kang J (2000) Treadmill training with body weight support: Its effect on Parkinson’s disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 81, 849–852.
    1. Miyai I, Fujimoto Y, Yamamoto H, Ueda Y, Saito T, Nozaki S & Kang J (2002) Long-term effect of body weight-supported treadmill training in Parkinson’s disease: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 83, 1370–1373.
    1. Jobges M, Heuschkel G, Pretzel C, Illhardt C, Renner C & Hummelsheim H (2004) Repetitive training of compensatory steps: A therapeutic approach for postural instability in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 75, 1682–1687.
    1. Protas EJ, Mitchell K, Williams A, Qureshy H, Caroline K & Lai EC (2005) Gait and step training to reduce falls in Parkinson’s disease. Neurorehabilitation, 20, 183–190.
    1. Hass CJ, Waddell DE, L. WS, Juncos JL & Gregor RJ (2006) The influence of tai chi training on locomotor ability in Parkinson’s disease.. Annual Meeting of American Society of Biomechanics, .
    1. Herman T, Giladi N, Gruendlinger L & Hausdorff JM (2007) Six weeks of intensive treadmill training improves gait and quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 88, 1154–1158.
    1. Canning CG, Ada L & Woodhouse E (2008) Multiple-task walking training in people with mild to moderate Parkinson’s disease: A pilot study. Clin Rehabil, 22, 226–233.
    1. Fisher BE, Wu AD, Salem GJ, Song J, Lin CH, Yip J, Cen S, Gordon J, Jakowec M & Petzinger G (2008) The effect of exercise training in improving motor performance and corticomotor excitability in people with early Parkinson’s disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 89, 1221–1229.
    1. Hackney ME & Earhart GM (2008) Tai Chi improves balance and mobility in people with Parkinson disease. Gait Posture, 28, 456–460.
    1. Hackney ME & Earhart GM (2009) Effects of dance on movement control in Parkinson’s disease: A comparison of Argentine tango and American ballroom. J Rehabil Med, 41, 475–481.
    1. Hackney ME & Earhart GM (2009) Short duration, intensive tango dancing for Parkinson disease: An uncontrolled pilot study. Complement Ther Med, 17, 203–207.
    1. de Bruin N, Doan JB, Turnbull G, Suchowersky O, Bonfield S, Hu B & Brown LA (2010) Walking with music is a safe and viable tool for gait training in Parkinson’s disease: The effect of a 13-week feasibility study on single and dual task walking. Parkinsons Dis, 2010, 483530.
    1. Hackney ME & Earhart GM (2010) Effects of dance on gait and balance in Parkinson’s disease: A comparison of partnered and nonpartnered dance movement. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 24, 384–392.
    1. Marchant D, Sylvester JL & Earhart GM (2010) Effects of a short duration, high dose contact improvisation dance workshop on Parkinson disease: A pilot study. Complement Ther Med, 18, 184–190.
    1. Combs SA, Diehl MD, Staples WH, Conn L, Davis K, Lewis N & Schaneman K (2011) Boxing training for patients with Parkinson disease: A case series. Phys Ther, 91, 132–142.
    1. Mirelman A, Maidan I, Herman T, Deutsch JE, Giladi N & Hausdorff JM (2011) Virtual reality for gait training: Can it induce motor learning to enhance complex walking and reduce fall risk in patients with Parkinson’s disease? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 66, 234–240.
    1. Amano S, Nocera JR, Vallabhajosula S, Juncos JL, Gregor RJ, Waddell DE, Wolf SL & Hass CJ (2013) The effect of Tai Chi exercise on gait initiation and gait performance in persons with Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 19, 955–960.
    1. Lauhoff P, Murphy N, Doherty C & Horgan NF (2013) A controlled clinical trial investigating the effects of cycle ergometry training on exercise tolerance, balance and quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Disabil Rehabil, 35, 382–387.
    1. Picelli A, Melotti C, Origano F, Neri R, Waldner A & Smania N (2013) Robot-assisted gait training versus equal intensity treadmill training in patients with mild to moderate Parkinson’s disease: A randomized controlled trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 19, 605–610.
    1. Nadeau A, Pourcher E & Corbeil P (2014) Effects of 24wk of treadmill training on gait performance in Parkinson’s disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 46, 645–655.
    1. Conradsson D, Lofgren N, Nero H, Hagstromer M, Stahle A, Lokk J & Franzen E (2015) The effects of highly challenging balance training in elderly with Parkinson’s disease: A randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 29, 827–836.
    1. Cedarbaum JM, Toy L, Silvestri M, Green-Parsons A, Harts A & McDowell FH (1992) Review article: Rehabilitation programs in the management of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 6, 7–19.
    1. Westbrook B & McKibben H (1989) Dance/movement therapy with groups of outpatients with Parkinson’s disease. Am J Dance Ther, 11, 27–38.
    1. Ellis T, de Goede CJ, Feldman RG, Wolters EC, Kwakkel G & Wagenaar RC (2005) Efficacy of a physical therapy program in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 86, 626–632.
    1. Reuter I, Engelhardt M, Stecker K & Baas H (1999) Therapeutic value of exercise training in Parkinson’s disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 31, 1544–1549.
    1. Cakit BD, Saracoglu M, Genc H, Erdem HR & Inan L (2007) The effects of incremental speed-dependent treadmill training on postural instability and fear of falling in Parkinson’s disease. Clin Rehabil, 21, 698–705.
    1. Hackney ME, Kantorovich S, Levin R & Earhart GM (2007) Effects of tango on functional mobility inParkinson’s disease: A preliminary study. J Neurol Phys Ther, 31, 173–179.
    1. Hackney ME, Kantorovich S & Earhart GM (2007) A study on the effects of Argentine Tango as a form of partnered dance for those with Parkinson disease and the healthy elderly. Am J Dance Ther, 29, 109–127.
    1. Ebersbach G, Edler D, Kaufhold O & Wissel J (2008) Whole body vibration versus conventional physiotherapy to improve balance and gait in Parkinson’s disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 89, 399–403.
    1. Li F, Harmer P, Fisher KJ, Xu J, Fitzgerald K & Vongjaturapat N (2007) Tai Chi-based exercise for older adults with Parkinson’s disease: A pilot-program evaluation. J Aging Phys Act, 15, 139–151.
    1. van Eijkeren FJ, Reijmers RS, Kleinveld MJ, Minten A, Bruggen JP & Bloem BR (2008) Nordic walking improves mobility in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord, 23, 2239–2243.
    1. Allen NE, Canning CG, Sherrington C, Lord SR, Latt MD, Close JC, O’Rourke SD, Murray SM & Fung VS (2010) The effects of an exercise program on fall risk factors in people with Parkinson’s disease: A randomized controlled trial. Mov Disord, 25, 1217–1225.
    1. Harro CC, Shoemaker MJ, Frey OJ, Gamble AC, Harring KB, Karl KL, McDonald JD, Murray CJ, Tomassi EM, Van Dyke JM & VanHaistma RJ (2014) The effects of speed-dependent treadmill training and rhythmic auditory-cued overground walking on gait function and fall risk in individuals with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: A randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation, 34, 557–572.
    1. Ashburn A, Fazakarley L, Ballinger C, Pickering R, McLellan LD & Fitton C (2007) A randomised controlled trial of a home based exercise programme to reduce the risk of falling among people with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 78, 678–684.
    1. Lun V, Pullan N, Labelle N, Adams C & Suchowersky O (2005) Comparison of the effects of a self-supervised home exercise program with a physiotherapist-supervised exercise program on the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord, 20, 971–975.
    1. Klassen L, Dal Bello-Haas V, Sheppard M & Metcalfe A (2007) Evaluating the benefits of group exercise and group exercise and education programs for individuals with Parkinson’s Disease– World Physical Therapy 2007– Abstracts. Physiotherapy, 93, (Suppl 1), S1–S802.
    1. Purchas M & MacMahon D (2007) The effects of Tai Chi training on general wellbeing and motor performance in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A pilot study. Abstracts of the movement disorder society’s eleventh international congress of Parkinson’s disease and movement disorders. Mov Disord, 22, S1–S325.
    1. Batson G (2010) Feasibility of an intensive trial of modern dance for adults with Parkinson disease. Complement Health Pract Rev, 15, 65–83.
    1. Gobbi LT, Oliveira-Ferreira MD, Caetano MJ, Lirani-Silva E, Barbieri FA, Stella F & Gobbi S (2009) Exercise programs improve mobility and balance in people with Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 15, (Suppl 3)S49–S52.
    1. Goodwin VA, Richards SH, Henley W, Ewings P, Taylor AH & Campbell JL (2011) An exercise intervention to prevent falls in people with Parkinson’s disease: A pragmatic randomised controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 82, 1232–1238.
    1. Heiberger L, Maurer C, Amtage F, Mendez-Balbuena I, Schulte-Monting J, Hepp-Reymond MC & Kristeva R (2011) Impact of a weekly dance class on the functional mobility and on the quality of life of individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci, 3, 14.
    1. Winward C, Sackley C, Meek C, Izadi H, Barker K, Wade D & Dawes H (2012) Weekly exercise does not improve fatigue levels in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord, 27, 143–146.
    1. McKee KE & Hackney ME (2013) The effects of adapted tango on spatial cognition and disease severity inParkinson’s disease. J Mot Behav, 45, 519–529.
    1. Frazzitta G, Maestri R, Ghilardi MF, Riboldazzi G, Perini M, Bertotti G, Boveri N, Buttini S, Lombino FL, Uccellini D, Turla M, Pezzoli G & Comi C (2014) Intensive rehabilitation increases BDNF serum levels in parkinsonian patients: A randomized study. Neurorehabil Neural Repai, 28, 163–168.
    1. Gao Q, Leung A, Yang Y, Wei Q, Guan M, Jia C & He C (2014) Effects of Tai Chi on balance and fall prevention in Parkinson’s disease: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil, 28, 748–753.
    1. Marjama-Lyons J, Smith L, Mylar B, Nelson J, Holliday G & Seracino D (2002) Tai Chi and reduced rate of falling in Parkinson’s disease: A single blinded pilot study. Mov Disord, 17, (Suppl 5), S70–S71.
    1. Nocera J, Horvat M & Ray CT (2009) Effects of home-based exercise on postural control and sensory organization in individuals with Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 15, 742–745.
    1. Ganesan M, Pal PK, Gupta A & Talakad S (2010) Effect of partial weight supported tradmill gait training on balance in patients of of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 16, (Suppl 1) S66.
    1. Smania N, Corato E, Tinazzi M, Stanzani C, Fiaschi A, Girardi P & Gandolfi M (2010) Effect of balance training on postural instability in patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 24, 826–834.
    1. Nocera JR, Amano S, Vallabhajosula S & Hass CJ (2013) Tai chi exercise to improve non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. J Yoga Phys Ther, 3
    1. Cruise KE, Bucks RS, Loftus AM, Newton RU, Pegoraro R & Thomas MG (2011) Exercise and Parkinson’s: Benefits for cognition and quality of life. Acta Neurol Scand, 123, 13–19.
    1. Tanaka K, Quadros AC Jr, Santos RF, Stella F, Gobbi LT & Gobbi S (2009) Benefits of physical exercise on executive functions in older people with Parkinson’s disease. Brain Cogn, 69, 435–441.
    1. Comella CL, Stebbins GT, Brown-Toms N & Goetz CG (1994) Physical therapy and Parkinson’s disease: A controlled clinical trial. Neurology, 44, 376–378.
    1. Schmitz-Hubsch T, Pyfer D, Kielwein K, Fimmers R, Klockgether T & Wullner U (2006) Qigong exercise for the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: A randomized, controlled pilot study. Mov Disord, 21, 543–548.
    1. Dereli EE & Yaliman A (2010) Comparison of the effects of a physiotherapist-supervised exercise programme and a self-supervised exercise programme on quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Clin Rehabil, 24, 352–362.
    1. Viliani T, Pasquetti P, Magnolfi S, Lunardelli ML, Giorgi C, Serra P & Taiti PG (1999) Effects of physical training on straightening-up processes in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Disabil Rehabil, 21, 68–73.
    1. Keus SH, Bloem BR, van Hilten JJ, Ashburn A & Munneke M (2007) Effectiveness of physiotherapy in Parkinson’s disease: The feasibility of a randomised controlled trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 13, 115–121.
    1. Yousefi B, Tadibi V, Khoei AF & Montazeri A (2009) Exercise therapy, quality of life, and activities of daily living in patients with Parkinson disease: A small scale quasi-randomised trial. Trials, 10, 67.
    1. Goncalves GB, Leite MA, Orsini M & Pereira JS (2014) Effects of using the nintendo wii fit plus platform in the sensorimotor training of gait disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Neurol Int, 6, 5048.
    1. Baatile J, Langbein WE, Weaver F, Maloney C & Jost MB (2000) Effect of exercise on perceived quality of life of individuals with Parkinson’s disease. J Rehabil Res Dev, 37, 529–534.
    1. Marusiak J, Zeligowska E, Mencel J, Kisiel-Sajewicz K, Majerczak J, Zoladz JA, Jaskolski A & Jaskolska A (2015) Interval training-induced alleviation of rigidity and hypertonia in patients with Parkinson’s disease is accompanied by increased basal serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J Rehabil Med, 47, 372–375.
    1. Rodrigues de Paula F, Teixeira-Salmela LF, Coelho de Morais Faria CD, Rocha de Brito P & Cardoso F (2006) Impact of an exercise program on physical, emotional, and social aspects of quality of life of individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord, 21, 1073–1077.
    1. Hackney ME & Earhart GM (2009) Health-related quality of life and alternative forms of exercise in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 15, 644–648.

Source: PubMed

Sponsors and Collaborators

Medical Conditions

Drug Interventions

3
Subscribe