Interventions for reducing sedentary behaviour in community-dwelling older adults

Sebastien Chastin, Paul A Gardiner, Juliet A Harvey, Calum F Leask, Javier Jerez-Roig, Dori Rosenberg, Maureen C Ashe, Jorunn L Helbostad, Dawn A Skelton, Sebastien Chastin, Paul A Gardiner, Juliet A Harvey, Calum F Leask, Javier Jerez-Roig, Dori Rosenberg, Maureen C Ashe, Jorunn L Helbostad, Dawn A Skelton

Abstract

Background: Older adults are the most sedentary segment of society, often spending in excess of 8.5 hours a day sitting. Large amounts of time spent sedentary, defined as time spend sitting or in a reclining posture without spending energy, has been linked to an increased risk of chronic diseases, frailty, loss of function, disablement, social isolation, and premature death.

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing sedentary behaviour amongst older adults living independently in the community compared to control conditions involving either no intervention or interventions that do not target sedentary behaviour.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PEDro, EPPI-Centre databases (Trials Register of Promoting Health Interventions (TRoPHI) and the Obesity and Sedentary behaviour Database), WHO ICTRP, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to 18 January 2021. We also screened the reference lists of included articles and contacted authors to identify additional studies.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster-RCTs. We included interventions purposefully designed to reduce sedentary time in older adults (aged 60 or over) living independently in the community. We included studies if some of the participants had multiple comorbidities, but excluded interventions that recruited clinical populations specifically (e.g. stroke survivors).

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts and full-text articles to determine study eligibility. Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We contacted authors for additional data where required. Any disagreements in study screening or data extraction were settled by a third review author.

Main results: We included seven studies in the review, six RCTs and one cluster-RCT, with a total of 397 participants. The majority of participants were female (n = 284), white, and highly educated. All trials were conducted in high-income countries. All studies evaluated individually based behaviour change interventions using a combination of behaviour change techniques such as goal setting, education, and behaviour monitoring or feedback. Four of the seven studies also measured secondary outcomes. The main sources of bias were related to selection bias (N = 2), performance bias (N = 6), blinding of outcome assessment (N = 2), and incomplete outcome data (N = 2) and selective reporting (N=1). The overall risk of bias was judged as unclear. Primary outcomes The evidence suggests that interventions to change sedentary behaviour in community-dwelling older adults may reduce sedentary time (mean difference (MD) -44.91 min/day, 95% confidence interval (CI) -93.13 to 3.32; 397 participants; 7 studies; I2 = 73%; low-certainty evidence). We could not pool evidence on the effect of interventions on breaks in sedentary behaviour or time spent in specific domains such as TV time, as data from only one study were available for these outcomes. Secondary outcomes We are uncertain whether interventions to reduce sedentary behaviour have any impact on the physical or mental health outcomes of community-dwelling older adults. We were able to pool change data for the following outcomes. • Physical function (MD 0.14 Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score, 95% CI -0.38 to 0.66; higher score is favourable; 98 participants; 2 studies; I2 = 26%; low-certainty evidence). • Waist circumference (MD 1.14 cm, 95% CI -1.64 to 3.93; 100 participants; 2 studies; I2 = 0%; low-certainty evidence). • Fitness (MD -5.16 m in the 6-minute walk test, 95% CI -36.49 to 26.17; higher score is favourable; 80 participants; 2 studies; I2 = 29%; low-certainty evidence). • Blood pressure: systolic (MD -3.91 mmHg, 95% CI -10.95 to 3.13; 138 participants; 3 studies; I2 = 73%; very low-certainty evidence) and diastolic (MD -0.06 mmHg, 95% CI -5.72 to 5.60; 138 participants; 3 studies; I2 = 97%; very low-certainty evidence). • Glucose blood levels (MD 2.20 mg/dL, 95% CI -6.46 to 10.86; 100 participants; 2 studies; I2 = 0%; low-certainty evidence). No data were available on cognitive function, cost-effectiveness or adverse effects.

Authors' conclusions: It is not clear whether interventions to reduce sedentary behaviour are effective at reducing sedentary time in community-dwelling older adults. We are uncertain if these interventions have any impact on the physical or mental health of community-dwelling older adults. There were few studies, and the certainty of the evidence is very low to low, mainly due to inconsistency in findings and imprecision. Future studies should consider interventions aimed at modifying the environment, policy, and social and cultural norms. Future studies should also use device-based measures of sedentary time, recruit larger samples, and gather information about quality of life, cost-effectiveness, and adverse event data.

Conflict of interest statement

Authors of this review were not allowed to screen, extract data from, or assess the risk of bias of studies on which they were a co‐author. Authors of this review were also authors of one of the studies included in this review (Rosenberg 2020).

Sebastien Chastin: no other conflicts of interest

Paul A Gardiner: no other conflicts of interest

Juliet A Harvey: no other conflicts of interest

Calum F Leask: no other conflicts of interest

Javier Jerez‐Roig: no other conflicts of interest

Dori Rosenberg: no other conflicts of interest

Maureen C Ashe: no other conflicts of interest

Jorunn L Helbostad is a professor at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. She is a board member for the Norwegian Research Council. She has no competing interest related to this project.

Dawn A Skelton: no other conflicts of interest

All authors have worked on this review during the course of their employment and were therefore supported by their employing institutions as per their affiliation.

Copyright © 2021 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Figures

1
1
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
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Forest plot of comparison between intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour and control. Plot also shows subgroup analysis per measurement method for sedentary time.
5
5
Forest plot of comparison between intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour and control for time spent in specific sedentary behaviour [min/day].
1.1. Analysis
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: main outcomes, Outcome 1: Sedentary time [min/day]
1.2. Analysis
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: main outcomes, Outcome 2: Sedentary time [min/day] per intervention duration
1.12. Analysis
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: main outcomes, Outcome 12: Sedentary time in specific domains [min/day]
1.13. Analysis
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: main outcomes, Outcome 13: Breaks in sedentary behaviour
2.1. Analysis
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: physical function outcomes, Outcome 1: SPPB
2.2. Analysis
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: physical function outcomes, Outcome 2: Gait speed
2.3. Analysis
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: physical function outcomes, Outcome 3: Chair stands (seconds)
3.1. Analysis
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: obesity outcomes, Outcome 1: BMI
3.2. Analysis
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: obesity outcomes, Outcome 2: Waist circumference (cm)
3.3. Analysis
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: obesity outcomes, Outcome 3: Body fat (%)
4.1. Analysis
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: fitness outcomes, Outcome 1: 6‐minute walk (metres)
5.1. Analysis
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: blood pressure outcomes, Outcome 1: Systolic [mmHg]
5.2. Analysis
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: blood pressure outcomes, Outcome 2: Diastolic [mmHg]
6.1. Analysis
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: cardiometabolic markers outcomes, Outcome 1: Cholesterol [mg/dL]
6.2. Analysis
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: cardiometabolic markers outcomes, Outcome 2: HDL [mg/dL]
6.3. Analysis
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: cardiometabolic markers outcomes, Outcome 3: LDL [mg/dL]
6.4. Analysis
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: cardiometabolic markers outcomes, Outcome 4: Triglycerides [mg/dL]
6.5. Analysis
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: cardiometabolic markers outcomes, Outcome 5: Glucose [mg/dL]
6.6. Analysis
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: cardiometabolic markers outcomes, Outcome 6: Glycated haemoglobin
7.1. Analysis
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: quality of life, Outcome 1: SF‐36 Physical function
7.2. Analysis
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: quality of life, Outcome 2: SF‐36 Energy
7.3. Analysis
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: quality of life, Outcome 3: SF‐36 Emotional well‐being
7.4. Analysis
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: quality of life, Outcome 4: SF‐36 Pain
7.5. Analysis
7.5. Analysis
Comparison 7: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: quality of life, Outcome 5: SF‐36 General health
8.1. Analysis
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8: Intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour versus control: depression, Outcome 1: Depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies‐Depression (CES‐D))

References

References to studies included in this review Barone 2017 {published data only}

    1. Barone Gibbs B, Brach JS, Byard T, Creasy S, Davis KK, McCoy S, et al. Reducing sedentary behavior versus increasing moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity in older adults. Journal of Aging and Health 2017;29(2):247-67. [DOI: 10.1177/0898264316635564]
Lyons 2017 {published data only}
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Maher 2017 {published data only}
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Roberts 2019 {published data only}
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Awick 2017 {published data only}
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Azizan 2016 {published data only}
    1. Azizan A, Justine M. Effects of a behavioral and exercise program on depression and quality of life in community-dwelling older adults: a controlled, quasi-experimental study. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 2016;42(2):45-54. [DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20151124-01]
Britten 2017 {published data only}
    1. Britten L, Addington C, Astill S. Dancing in time: feasibility and acceptability of a contemporary dance programme to modify risk factors for falling in community dwelling older adults. BMC Geriatrics 2017;17(1):83. [DOI: 10.1186/s12877-017-0476-6]
Buman 2011 {published data only}
    1. Buman MP, Giacobbi PR, Dzierzewski JM, Morgan AA, McCrae CS, Roberts BL, et al. Peer volunteers improve long-term maintenance of physical activity with older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 2011;8 Suppl 2:S257-66.
Burke 2013 {published data only}
    1. Burke L, Jancey J, Howat P, Lee A, Kerr D, Shilton T, et al. Physical activity results of a home-based physical activity and nutrition program for seniors (PANS). Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2012;15:S47-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.115]
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Burton 1995 {published data only}
    1. Burton LC, Paglia MJ, German PS, Shapiro S, Damiano AM. The effect among older persons of a general preventive visit on three health behaviors: smoking, excessive alcohol drinking, and sedentary lifestyle. The Medicare Preventive Services Research Team. Preventive Medicine 1995;24(5):492-7. [DOI: 10.1006/pmed.1995.1078]
Chang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Chang AK, Fritschi C, Kim MJ. Sedentary behavior, physical activity, and psychological health of Korean older adults with hypertension: effect of an empowerment intervention. Research in Gerontological Nursing 2013;6(2):81-8. [DOI: 10.3928/19404921-20121219-01]
Chiang 2019 {published data only}
    1. Chiang L, Heitkemper MM, Chiang SL, Tzeng WC, Lee MS, Hung YJ, et al. Motivational counseling to reduce sedentary behaviors and depressive symptoms and improve health-related quality of life among women with metabolic syndrome. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2019;34(4):327-35.
Darvall 2016 {published data only}
    1. Darvall JN, Parker A, Story DA. Feasibility and acceptability of remotely monitored pedometer-guided physical activity. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2016;44(4):501-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0310057X1604400415]
De Greef 2010 {published data only}
    1. De Greef K, Deforche B, Tudor-Locke C, De Bourdeaudhuij I. A cognitive-behavioural pedometer-based group intervention on physical activity and sedentary behaviour in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Health Education Research 2010;25(5):724-36. [DOI: 10.1093/her/cyq017]
De Greef 2011 {published data only}
    1. De Greef KP, Deforche BI, Ruige JB, Bouckaert JJ, Tudor-Locke CE, Kaufman et al. The effects of a pedometer-based behavioral modification program with telephone support on physical activity and sedentary behavior in type 2 diabetes patients. Patient Education and Counseling 2011;84(2):275-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2010.07.010]
Edwards 2018 {published data only}
    1. Edwards MK, Loprinzi PD. Effects of a sedentary intervention on cognitive function. American Journal of Health Promotion 2018;32(3):595‐605. [DOI: 10.1177/0890117116688692]
Engelen 2019 {published data only}
    1. Engelen L, Drayton BA, Young S, Daley M, Milton K, Bauman A, et al. Impact and process evaluation of a co-designed 'Move More, Sit Less' intervention in a public sector workplace. Work 2019;64(3):587-99.
Fanning 2016 {published data only}
    1. Fanning J, Porter G, Awick EA, Wojcicki TR, Gothe NP, Roberts SA, et al. Effects of a DVD-delivered exercise program on patterns of sedentary behavior in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine Reports 2016;3:238-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.03.005]
Fennell 2016 {published data only}
    1. Fennell C. The Effects of a 16-Week Exercise Program and Cell Phone Use on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Health-Related Outcomes [PhD thesis]. Kent State University, 2016.
Fitzsimons 2013 {published data only}
    1. Fitzsimons CF, Kirk A, Baker G, Michie F, Kane C, Mutrie N. Using an individualised consultation and activPAL feedback to reduce sedentary time in older Scottish adults: results of a feasibility and pilot study. Preventive Medicine 2013;57(5):718-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.07.017]
Gardiner 2011 {published data only}
    1. Gardiner PA, Eakin EG, Healy GN, Owen N. Feasibility of reducing older adults' sedentary time. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2011;41(2):174-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.03.020]
Goldstein 1999 {published data only}
    1. Goldstein MG, Pinto BM, Marcus BH, Lynn H, Jette AM, Rakowski W, et al. Physician-based physical activity counseling for middle-aged and older adults: a randomized trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 1999;21(1):40-7. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02895032]
Greenwood‐Hickman 2016 {published data only}
    1. Greenwood-Hickman MA, Renz A, Rosenberg DE. Motivators and barriers to reducing sedentary behavior among overweight and obese older adults. Gerontologist 2016;56(4):660-8. [DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnu163]
Hansen 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hansen AW, Gronbaek M, Helge JW, Severin M, Curtis T, Tolstrup JS. Effect of a Web-based intervention to promote physical activity and improve health among physically inactive adults: a population-based randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2012;14(5):e145. [DOI: 10.2196/jmir.2109]
Harvey 2018 {published data only}
    1. Harvey JA, Chastin SFM, Skelton DA. Breaking sedentary behaviour has the potential to increase/maintain function in frail older adults. Journal of Frailty, Sarcopenia and Falls 2018;3:26-34. [DOI: 10.22540/JFSF-03-026]
Hetherington 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hetherington SA, Borodzicz JA, Shing CM. Assessing the real world effectiveness of the Healthy Eating Activity and Lifestyle (HEAL) program. Health Promotion Journal of Australia 2015;26(2):93-8. [DOI: 10.1071/he14031]
Kegler 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kegler MC, Alcantara I, Veluswamy JK, Haardorfer R, Hotz JA, Glanz K. Results from an intervention to improve rural home food and physical activity environments. Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action 2012;6(3):265-77. [DOI: 10.1353/cpr.2012.0042]
Kendzor 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kendzor DE, Shuval K, Gabriel KP, Businelle MS, Ma P, High RR, et al. Impact of a mobile phone intervention to reduce sedentary behavior in a community sample of adults: a quasi-experimental evaluation. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2016;18(1):e19. [DOI: 10.2196/jmir.5137]
Kerse 2005 {published data only}
    1. Kerse N, Elley CR, Robinson E, Arroll B. Is physical activity counseling effective for older people? A cluster randomized, controlled trial in primary care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(11):1951-6.
King 2016 {published data only}
    1. King AC, Hekler EB, Grieco LA, Winter SJ, Sheats JL, Buman MP, et al. Effects of three motivationally targeted mobile device applications on initial physical activity and sedentary behavior change in midlife and older adults: a randomized trial. PLOS ONE 2016;11(6):e0156370. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156370]
Koltyn 2019 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Koltyn KF, Crombie KM, Brellenthin AG, Leitzelar B, Ellingson LD, Renken J, et al. Intervening to reduce sedentary behavior in older adults - pilot results. Health Promotion Perspective 2019;9(1):71-6. [DOI: 10.15171/hpp.2019.09]
Kuck 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kuck J, Pantke M, Flick U. Effects of social activation and physical mobilization on sleep in nursing home residents. Geriatric Nursing 2014;35(6):455-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2014.08.009]
Lakerveld 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lakerveld J, Bot SDM, Ploeg HP, Nijpels G. The effects of a lifestyle intervention on leisure-time sedentary behaviors in adults at risk: the Hoorn Prevention Study, a randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2013;57(4):351-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.06.011]
Lerma 2017 {published data only}
    1. Lerma NL, Swartz AM, Rowley TW, Maeda H, Strath SJ. Increasing the energy expenditure of seated activities in older adults with a portable elliptical device. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 2017;25(1):99-104. [DOI: 10.1123/japa.2015-0277]
Lerma 2020 {published data only}
    1. Lerma NL, Cho CC, Swartz AM, Maeda H, Cho Y, Strath SJ. Acceptance and feasibility of seated elliptical pedaling to replace sedentary behavior in older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 2020;28:844–53.
Lewis 2016 {published data only}
    1. Lewis LK, Rowlands AV, Gardiner PA, Standage M, English C, Olds T. Small Steps: preliminary effectiveness and feasibility of an incremental goal-setting intervention to reduce sitting time in older adults. Maturitas 2016;85:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.12.014]
Lubans 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lubans DR, Mundey CM, Lubans NJ, Lonsdale CC. Pilot randomized controlled trial: elastic-resistance-training and lifestyle-activity intervention for sedentary older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 2013;21(1):20-32.
Lyons 2014 {published data only}
    1. Lyons EJ, Lewis ZH. An activity monitor and mobile device intervention is feasible among older adults. Clinical and Translational Science 2014;7(3):254-5. [DOI: 10.1111/cts.12171]
Matei 2015 {published data only}
    1. Matei R, Thune-Boyle I, Hamer M, Iliffe S, Fox KR, Jefferis BJ, et al. Acceptability of a theory-based sedentary behaviour reduction intervention for older adults ('On Your Feet to Earn Your Seat'). BMC Public Health 2015;15:606. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1921-0]
Matson 2018 {published data only}
    1. Matson TE, Renz AD, Takemoto ML, McClure JB, Rosenberg DE. Acceptability of a sitting reduction intervention for older adults with obesity. BMC Public Health 2018;18(1):706. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5616-1]
Matson 2019 {published data only}
    1. Matson TE, Anderson ML, Renz AD, Greenwood-Hickman MA, McClure JB, Rosenberg DE. Changes in self-reported health and psychosocial outcomes in older adults enrolled in sedentary behavior intervention study. American Journal of Health Promotion 2019;33(7):1053-7.
Muller 2016 {published data only}
    1. Muller AM, Khoo S, Morris T. Text messaging for exercise promotion in older adults from an upper-middle-income country: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2016;18(1):e5. [DOI: 10.2196/jmir.5235]
Nicklas 2014 {published data only}
    1. Nicklas BJ, Gaukstern JE, Beavers KM, Newman JC, Leng X, Rejeski WJ. Self‐monitoring of spontaneous physical activity and sedentary behavior to prevent weight regain in older adults. Obesity 2014;22(6):1406-12. [DOI: 10.1002/oby.20732]
Overgaard 2018 {published data only}
    1. Overgaard K, Nannerup K, Lunen MKB, Maindal HT, Larsen RG. Exercise more or sit less? A randomized trial assessing the feasibility of two advice-based interventions in obese inactive adults. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2018;21(7):708-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.10.037]
Paing 2019 {published data only}
    1. Paing AC, McMillan KA, Kirk AF, Collier A, Hewitt A, Chastin SFM. Dose-response between frequency of breaks in sedentary time and glucose control in type 2 diabetes: a proof of concept study. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2019;22(7):808-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.01.017]
Paschoa 2016 {published data only}
    1. Paschoa L, Ashton C. The evaluation of an exercise program for older rural adults. Activities, Adaptation and Aging 2016;40(1):67-77. [DOI: 10.1080/01924788.2016.1127075]
Pomeroy 2011 {published data only}
    1. Pomeroy SH, Scherer Y, Runkawatt V, Iamsumang W, Lindemann J, Resnick B. Person-environment fit and functioning among older adults in a long-term care setting. Geriatric Nursing 2011;32(5):368-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2011.07.002]
Poppe 2019 {published data only}
    1. Poppe L, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Verloigne M, Shadid S, Cauwenberg JV, Compernolle S, et al. Efficacy of a self-regulation-based electronic and mobile health intervention targeting an active lifestyle in adults having type 2 diabetes and in adults aged 50 years or older: two randomized controlled trials. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2019;21(8):e13363. [DOI: 10.2196/13363]
Rasinaho 2012 {published data only}
    1. Rasinaho M, Hirvensalo M, Tormakangas T, Leinonen R, Lintunen T, Rantanen T. Effect of physical activity counseling on physical activity of older people in Finland. Health Promotion International 2012;27(4):463-74.
Rockette‐Wagner 2017 {published data only}
    1. Rockette-Wagner B, Storti KL, Dabelea D, Edelstein S, Florez H, Franks PW, et al. Activity and sedentary time 10 years after a successful lifestyle intervention: The Diabetes Prevention Program. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2017;52(3):292-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.10.007]
Rosenberg 2015 {published data only}
    1. Rosenberg DE, Gell NM, Jones SMW, Renz A, Kerr J, Gardiner PA, et al. The feasibility of reducing sitting time in overweight and obese older adults. Health Education & Behavior 2015;42(5):669-76. [DOI: 10.1177/1090198115577378]
Ruscello 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ruscello B, D’Ottavio S, Padua E, Tonelli C, Pantanella L. The influence of music on exercise in a group of sedentary elderly women: an important tool to help the elderly to stay active. Journal of Sports Medicine & Physical Fitness 2014;54(4):536-44.
Sakurai 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sakurai T, Iimuro S, Sakamaki K, Umegaki H, Araki A, Ohashi Y, et al. Risk factors for a 6-year decline in physical disability and functional limitations among elderly people with type 2 diabetes in the Japanese elderly diabetes intervention trial. Geriatrics & Gerontology International 2012;12:117-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2011.00819.x]
Siddique 2017 {published data only}
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Sparker‐Griffin 2013 {published data only}
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Source: PubMed

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