Postprandial glycemic response in a non-diabetic adult population: the effect of nutrients is different between men and women

María González-Rodríguez, Marcos Pazos-Couselo, José M García-López, Santiago Rodríguez-Segade, Javier Rodríguez-García, Carmen Túñez-Bastida, Francisco Gude, María González-Rodríguez, Marcos Pazos-Couselo, José M García-López, Santiago Rodríguez-Segade, Javier Rodríguez-García, Carmen Túñez-Bastida, Francisco Gude

Abstract

Background: There is a growing interest in the pathopysiological consequences of postprandial hyperglycemia. It is well known that in diabetic patients 2 h plasma glucose is a better risk predictor for coronary heart disease than fasting plasma glucose. Data on the glycemic response in healthy people are scarce.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) and fiber on postprandial glycemic response in an observational study of a non-diabetic adult population.

Design: Cross-sectional study. 150 non-diabetic adults performed continuous glucose monitoring for 6 days. During this period they recorded food and beverage intake. The participants were instructed not to make changes in their usual diet and physical exercise.Variables analyzed included clinical parameters (age, sex, body weight, height, body mass index, blood pressure, and waist measurement), meal composition (calories, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and fiber) and glycemic postprandial responses separated by sexes.The study period was defined from the start of dinner to 6 h later.

Results: A total of 148 (51% women) subjects completed all study procedures. Dinner intake was higher in males than in females (824 vs 531 kcal). Macronutrient distribution was similar in both sexes. No significant differences were found in fiber intake between men and women (5.5 g vs 4.5 g).In both sexes, the higher intake of carbohydrates corresponded to a significantly higher glycemic response (p = 0.0001 in women, p = 0.022 in men). Moreover, in women, as fat intake was higher, a flattening of the postprandial glycemic curve was observed (p = 0.003). With respect to fiber, a significantly lower glycemic response was observed in the group of women whose fiber intake at dinner was higher (p = 0.034).

Conclusions: Continuous glucose monitoring provides important information about glucose levels after meals. In this study, the postprandial glycemic response in women was different from that of men, and carbohydrates were the main determinant of elevated postprandial glucose levels.

Keywords: Continuous glucose monitoring; Healthy population; Non-diabetic population; Postprandial glycemic response.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Glycemic response curves. Total glycemic response curves (mg/dL glucose) of the population sample (separated by sex) after dinner (6 h – postprandial period). The white line in the middle represents the mean
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Effect of carbohydrates on the postprandial glycemic curve over time in women. Significantly different glycemic response was observed in those women who consumed more carbohydrates. p < 0.05 using generalized additive mixed-effects models (GAMMs)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Effect of fats on the postprandial glycemic curve over time in women. Significantly different glycemic response was observed in those women who consumed more fats. p < 0.05 using generalized additive mixed-effects models (GAMMs)
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Effect of fiber on the postprandial glycemic curve over time in women. Significantly different glycemic response was observed in those women who consumed more fiber. p < 0.05 using generalized additive mixed-effects models (GAMMs)
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Effect of carbohydrates on the postprandial glycemic curve over time in men. Significantly different glycemic response was observed in those men who consumed more carbohydrates. p < 0.05 using generalized additive mixed-effects models (GAMMs)

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