Reduction of Daily Sitting Time in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background and rationale:

Physical inactivity is an established risk factor for chronic disease and premature death. In addition to physical inactivity sedentary behaviour has been recognised as a distinct and independent risk factor for cardio metabolic morbidity and mortality in an increasing number of population-based observational studies. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an increased risk for cardio metabolic disease and pre-mature death. The increased risk is, partly caused by the chronic autoimmune rheumatic disease itself and partly to traditional risk factors e.g. hyperlipidemia and hypertension, but can also be attributed to physical inactivity. In Denmark 67 % of patients with RA do not comply with public health recommendations for daily moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and equivalent proportions are found in Germany (68 %) and the United Kingdom (67 %). Everyday life of patients suffering from RA is periodically influenced by high disease activity (flares) with symptoms such as swelling and stiffness of the joints accompanied by intense pain, leading to severe limitations in physical functioning and potential progressive joint destruction. Intervention studies in patients with RA have documented a positive effect of exercise on pain and physical functioning. However, studies have also demonstrated that exercise and increased activity levels are difficult to maintain over time. Pain has been identified as a main barrier against adaptation and maintenance of a physically activity lifestyle.

Sedentary behaviour can be defined as low metabolic cost activities performed in sitting or reclining positions during waking hours. Sedentary behaviour has become increasingly prevalent in modern society, and recent population studies using self-reported questionnaires estimate daily sitting time of 8-9 hours per day, corresponding to 50-60 % of waking hours in adult general population samples. Likewise, an American population-based study among 4.757 adults, found an objectively measured daily sitting time of 8.44 hours. A few studies have monitored objectively measured sitting time in patients with chronic disease and mobility disability, and these studies generally find that higher proportions of the day are spent sitting among people with various types of mobility disability, i.e. stroke (86-88 % of waking hours), multiple sclerosis (75-85 % of waking hours) and Parkinson's disease (76 % of waking hours). However, to our knowledge no studies have reported objectively measured sitting time in patients with RA. A review from 2011 suggests that aiming to increase PA levels among patients with mobility disability should not solely focus on increasing MVPA, but should also target reduction of sedentary time and increase of light intensity activity, as this approach may prove feasible for improving health and well-being among sedentary patients with chronic disease and mobility limitation.

A few short term intervention studies in older people, and in overweight or obese adults have demonstrated that sedentary behaviour can be reduced through behavioural intervention and that physical activity energy expenditure may be increased by reduction of TV-viewing time. All studies applied objective measures of sitting time.

Objectives:

We hypothesize that sedentary behaviour can be reduced in patients with RA through behavioural lifestyle change. The primary objective of the present randomised trial is to investigate the effect of an individually tailored, theory-based motivational counselling intervention on daily sitting time in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and with sitting time more than 5 hours a day. The secondary objectives are to explore whether a reduction in daily sitting time is related to reduction in pain and fatigue, improved health-related quality of life (HRQOL), self-reported physical function and self-efficacy and improved cardiovascular biomarker levels, and to assess the cost-effectiveness of the intervention.

Design:

The 'Joint Resources' sedentary behaviour intervention study (JR-Sedentary Behaviour) is a randomised, controlled, observer-blinded trial with two parallel groups and a primary endpoint of changes in objectively measured daily sitting time.

Study setting:

Patients will be recruited from lists of patients with RA from the rheumatology outpatient clinic at Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, the Capital Region of Denmark (approximately 2000 patients annually).

Recruitment, screening and participants:

The patients' medical records will be screened for diagnosis code and the latest HAQ-score. Potentially eligible patients will receive a letter with an invitation together with written information about the study and a folder with basic information about trials and personal rights in accordance with the guidelines of the Danish Scientific Ethical Committees. A few days later the daily project leader will call them and ask about their interest in participating in the study. If they are interested they must answer two "screening questions" on 1) self-reported daily sitting time during leisure and work, and 2) self-reported participation in vigorous physical activity (both questions are from The Physical Activity Scale (PAS 2.1)). If eligible the patients will be invited to an information session with the project leader. It will be possible for the patients to sign the consent form immediately following the session or alternatively during the following two days.

Sample size:

Calculation of sample size was based on data from a completed feasibility study (publication under preparation) in which the total daily time in patients with RA was objectively measured with ActivePAL. The daily average sitting time was 10.13±1.7 hours (mean±SD). In the present intervention study we expect a reduction in average daily sitting time of 50 minutes in the intervention group. This estimate is based on an American pilot study from 2012 on obese office workers who reduced their daily sitting time by 48 minutes as a result of the intervention. Based on results from that study, a significance level α = 5%, and a power of 80% we need to include 62 patients in each of the groups. To compensate for attrition we aim to recruit 75 patients in each group.

Randomization and blinding:

Immediately following the baseline measurements randomization to either (A) intervention group (N = 75) or (B) control group (N = 75 ) will be performed via computer-generated "random numbers" for each of the two groups (blocks of 10 patients). Patients will be informed by the project leader about their group allocation one week after baseline measurements. All measurements are conducted by two occupational therapists who will be blinded to group allocation.

Intervention:

The intervention will include 1) Individual motivational counselling including handouts of four key messages regarding in reduction of daily sitting time in combination with 2) Individual Short Text Message (SMS) reminders.

1. Individual motivational counselling The intervention consists of three individual motivational counselling (60-90 minutes) sessions, conducted by one of four nurses or occupational therapists, who are trained to conduct this specific intervention. The first counselling will take place immediately after randomization and allocation to the intervention group, the second counselling two weeks after, and the third counselling ten weeks after the first counselling.

   Contents of motivational counselling The intervention will focus on individual goal setting and self-efficacy, where participants describe their everyday life in terms of sitting time and decide how to reduce their daily sitting time, how to overcome barriers and what goal, in terms of reducing sitting time, they aim for. Motivational counselling techniques will be used.

   First, project staff will introduce the patients to the possible benefits of reducing their daily sitting time. Secondly, project staff will ask the patients to describe their typical day in order to identify resources and barriers for reduction of daily sitting time and discuss possible solutions to overcome barriers and use resources. Thirdly, the patients set their own goals for reduction of daily sitting time using a "catalogue of ideas", which contains proposals to reduce and create breaks in sitting time. Specific proposals to reduce daily sitting time are for example to stand up during phone conversations or TV-watching, get up frequently to go to the printer, get up at least once every half hour and walk around, get up to change the TV channel, make one cup of coffee each time. During the motivational counselling session number two and three patients own goals will be evaluated, new goals will be set and possible solution strategies will be addressed. The patients' motivation and confidence in their own ability to change will be in focus in the last two sessions.

   The intervention program focuses on 4 key messages or themes, including ideas and suggestions for reduction of sitting time, which are written in booklets that will be handed to the patients at each session. The four key messages are: 1) Reduce daily TV-viewing, 2) Substitute sitting with standing when possible - at work and/or at home, 3) Break up prolonged sitting - by standing up frequently and 4) Maximum 30 minutes of sitting per episode.

2. Individual SMS reminders

Based on the patients' own individually goals the patients decide how many weekly SMS reminders they want to receive during the 16-week intervention period and at what time of the day. Examples of SMS text messages are shown below:

• Hello X. Raise from your table stand-up and allow gravity to assist your lunch to digest. Bonus: You burn more energy when you stand.
• Hi X. Regard vacuum cleaning as a free fitness hour. Put music in your ears and do not stop until both the list and the cleaning is done.
• Hi X. You have some truly privileged colleagues who in this afternoon will be able to see you stand by your table. Show them how to do it, and they might follow your good example.
• Hey X. Put the remote control next to the TV if you turn on the television today. Every time you change the channel your entire body gets some exercise.

Control group:

The control group will be encouraged to maintain their usual lifestyle during the 16-week intervention period.

Participant timeline:

The trial will last 22 months including a 16-week intervention and an 18 months follow-up.

Data collection:

Measurements will be done four times during the 22 months 1) at baseline; 2) by end of the intervention (16 weeks after intervention start); 3) six months after the intervention ends and finally (4) 18 months after the intervention ends. At each time patients fill in self-complete questionnaires regarding demographics, lifestyle, sitting time at work and in leisure time, physical activity, physical function, pain, fatigue, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and self-efficacy. Subsequently, blood pressure, height, weight, waist circumference are measured by two occupational therapists. Blood sampling tests will be taken at Department of Diagnostics, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup and store the tests. Baseline demographic characteristics of patients are collected via self-reported questionnaire (using iPad). The two occupational therapists also put on an ActivPAL monitor, which objectively measures the participants' physical activity level for a period of seven days. One week (7 days) after baseline measurements the participant will return to the hospital for removal of the ActivPAL. At the same time they will be informed by TT about the group allocation. One week after each of the follow up measurement the patients will return the ActivPAL in a closed envelope. During each 7 day-period with ActivPal the patients fill in a diary about their non-wear-and sleep time in order to isolate their sitting time from non-wear and sleeping. The patients will be recruited from the DANBIO database, a nationwide registry that has included > 25,000 patients with inflammatory arthritis in a longitudinal observational cohort. At each medical visit in the outpatient clinic, the treating rheumatologist registers information in DANBIO including data regarding disease characteristics (e.g. patient-reported outcomes, disease activity, functional status, disease course) and medical treatment.

Data management:

Since all data will be supplied directly by the patients and the assessors through an online interface via an iPad, there is no risk of data loss or data distortion along the way. Data will be stored encrypted and in unidentifiable form (using participant-numbers) in the server at Glostrup Hospital. Standard missing data analysis will determine if unexpected missing data due to participant drop-out are random or not.

Analysis:

Descriptive statistics and regression analyzes will be conducted. Data analyses will be based on intention-to-treat principle . The scoring of the standardized questionnaires will be made according to the guidelines from instrument developers.

A cost analysis will report the resource use and cost of the intervention. For both the intervention and control group survey and registry based data on resource use including services provided in the health care sector (primary and secondary care) and pharmaceuticals will be aggregated for each individual in intervals determined by the time of data collection. Cost data will be interpolated to total cost for the whole observation period (18 months). The aggregated cost data will be analyzed as costs attributable to the intervention (i.e. difference in difference) and reported as mean values with 95% (bootstrap) confidence intervals. Due to the non-normal distribution of cost data generalized linear models will be employed with appropriate choice of link function.

The analysis of cost-effectiveness will compare the observed gain in QALY (HRQOL over 18 months) with the observed incremental cost (over 18 months) by estimating incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER). To express statistical uncertainty in the ICER estimates acceptability curves will be developed to express the likelihood of the intervention being cost-effective at various QALY threshold values.

The regression model will allow controlling for the baseline value of the study endpoints and other confounding variables that may impact changes in sedentary behavior (e.g. age, gender). In addition, a drop-out analysis will be conducted. Treatment outcomes will be examined using mixed effect models, Bonferroni-correcting for multiple comparisons. All analysis will be carried out with SAS statistical software 9.3.

Ethics, confidentiality and dissemination:

The trial will be performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. The project has been reviewed by the Regional Committee on Biomedical Research Ethics September 2012 as registry based research. The study was approved by the Danish Data Protection Agency. All formal rules and safety rules in the process from data collected for publication are observed (Danish Data Protection Agency, Research Ethics Committee, Clinicaltrial.gov, IT issues, etc.). Anyone who has access to the full relevant data sets (Chief Executive, all supervisors, project staff) are familiar with the formal and safety rules. All information collected during the course of the study will be kept strictly confidential in accordance with Danish Data Protection Agency rules; operationally, this will include consent from the patients.

It is planned to publish at least four scientific papers in peer reviewed journals based on the trial .

In addition, following sources are included in the communication plan:

• Papers (scientific and popular science)
• Presentations at conferences or similar (International and National)
• Collaboration with The Danish Rheumatism Association both members and groups of employees

Access to data:

The project group will have access to data as well as DanBio . Data generated in the trial belong to Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup. The steering group to "Joint Resources" will be involved in the case of query about access to data.

Trial status:

Recruitment for the trial is planned to start in April 2013, and will end in December 2014.

Funding:

The study is supported by grants from the Danish Rheumatism Association, the Novo Nordic Foundation, the Lundbeck Foundation, the Research Foundation of the Capital Region of Denmark, the Bevica Foundation, Maersk McKinney Møller Foundation, the Tryg Foundation (external scientific review process), Glostrup Hospital, and Capital Region of Denmark. The funders had no role in the design or management of the study.