Modeling Bronchial Epithelium Modifications Associated With COPD Using iPS (INVECCO)

Inclusion Criteria for COPD patients:

• The patient has given his/her signed, informed consent
• Forced expiratory volume in 1 second / forced vital capacity < 0.7 [FEV1/FVC < 0.7]
• FEV1 < 50% of predicted value
• Exclusion of other respiratory pathologies, based on anamnesis, computed tomography and complementary respiratory function tests and transthoracic ultrasound,
• Smoking >10 pack-years, ongoing or weaned
• Absence of exacerbation or intercurrent infectious episode for at least 4 weeks at time of inclusion
• Medical indication for a bronchial fibroscopy (indication validated by the physician in charge of the patient and the study investigating physician): pulmonary peripheral nodule exploration with computed tomography, interventional endoscopy for emphysema reduction, removal of foreign bodies, other indications.
• Absence of contraindications for bronchial biopsy (left to physician's discretion): not limited to: regular intake of anticoagulants or anti-platelet aggregation, hemostasis abnormalities

Inclusion Criteria for smokers:

• The patient has given his/her signed, informed consent
• Forced expiratory volume in 1 second / forced vital capacity > 0.7 [FEV1/FVC > 0.7]
• FEV1 > 80% of predicted value
• Exclusion of other respiratory pathologies, based on anamnesis, computed tomography (absence of extensive emphysema lesions defined by the presence of less than <5% relative surface area occupied by densities less than 910 UH (measured on millimeter cuts)) and respiratory function tests (Residual Volume <120%, Diffusion Capacity for Carbon Monoxide > 60% and Total Pulmonary Capacity> 120%) and transthoracic ultrasound (normal),
• Smoking >40 pack-years, ongoing or weaned
• Absence of exacerbation or intercurrent infectious episode for at least 4 weeks at time of inclusion
• Medical indication for a bronchial fibroscopy (indication validated by the physician in charge of the patient and the study investigating physician): pulmonary peripheral nodule exploration with computed tomography, interventional endoscopy for emphysema reduction, removal of foreign bodies, other indications.
• Absence of contraindications for bronchial biopsy (left to physician's discretion): not limited to: regular intake of anticoagulants or anti-platelet aggregation, hemostasis abnormalities

Exclusion Criteria:

• Contra-indication for bronchial fibroscopy and cutaneous biopsy
• Deficiency in α-1 antitrypsin
• Significant bronchiectasis on chest computed tomography scan
• Colonization of the airways by Pseudomonas Aeroginosa or Aspergillus
• Chemotherapy or other cytotoxic treatments in the last 12 months
• Systemic corticotherapy in the 4 weeks prior to inclusion
• Long-term antibiotic treatment, notably by macrolides
• Any other treatment that may affect the bronchial epithelium, this being left to the discretion of the investigating physician
• Consumer of illicit drugs or alcohol
• Participant in an exclusion period determined by a previous study
• Subject not affiliated with, or not beneficiary of, a social security plan.
• Pregnant or nursing women according to Article L1121-5 of the Public Health Code.
• Vulnerable persons according to Article L1121-6 of the Public Health Code
• An adult who is protected or incapable of giving consent in accordance with Article L1121-8 of the Public Health Code
• Subject deprived of freedom by judicial or administrative decision.
• Those patients for whom two epithelia cultures (1 from bronchial biopsy ("ALI") and 1 from fibroblast reprogrammation of redifferentiated iPS ("iALI")) were not obtained will be excluded (post-inclusion).