NAVO:J School-Based Group Intervention for Adolescent Mental Health

実験的：NAVO:J Intervention Group

Participants in this single-arm group use the digital mental health platform NAVO:J for 17 weeks (17 sessions, once a week for approximately 40 minutes). Each session includes app-based activities such as recommended mental health videos, tailored self-care solutions, self-assessments, mind coaching, and diary entries. Mental health outcomes are assessed at baseline, mid-point (week 8), and post-intervention (week 17) using a single-group pre-post design.

行動：NAVO:J (digital mental health platform)

Participants use NAVO:J, a digital mental health platform developed for adolescents, delivered as a structured group intervention over 17 weeks (17 sessions, once weekly, approximately 40 minutes each). The platform provides algorithm-based recommended videos, 12 tailored "mind solutions" based on emotional-behavioral characteristics, self-assessments (personality, depression, anxiety, stress, self-esteem, smartphone use), expert-supported community features, mind coaching, growth tracking across 10 adolescent mental health indicators, and a mood diary. Sessions are facilitated weekly by trained researchers following a standardized manual.

Change in Depression (PHQ-9)

Depression is measured using the Korean version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), based on the DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder, assessing symptoms experienced over the past two weeks. The scale consists of 9 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale (score range: 0-27). Higher scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms. Change is assessed by comparing scores at baseline, mid-point, and post-intervention.

Change in Resilience (CD-RISC-10)

Resilience is measured using the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10), a self-report measure of an individual's ability to recover and adapt under adversity or stress. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale (score range: 0-40). Higher scores indicate greater resilience. Change is assessed by comparing scores at baseline, mid-point, and post-intervention.

Change in Maum-EASY Anxiety and Depression Problems

The Maum-EASY Test is a self-report screening tool developed to detect students' mental health problems early and prevent worsening. The anxiety and depression subscale measures the level of anxiety- and depression-related problems, with each item rated on a 4-point Likert scale (0-3). Higher scores indicate a greater likelihood of such problems (score range: 0-24). Change is assessed by comparing scores at baseline, mid-point, and post-intervention.

Change in Maum-EASY Suicide and Crisis Problems

The suicide and crisis subscale of the Maum-EASY Test measures the level of serious risk symptoms such as suicidality and severe psychological problems, with each item rated on a 4-point Likert scale (0-3). Higher scores indicate a greater need for priority attention and intervention (score range: 0-18). Change is assessed by comparing scores at baseline, mid-point, and post-intervention.

Change in Maum-EASY Externalizing Problems

The externalizing subscale of the Maum-EASY Test measures the level of outwardly expressed behavioral problems, with each item rated on a 4-point Likert scale (0-3). Higher scores indicate a greater likelihood of problems such as oppositional behavior, delinquency, and habitual lying (score range: 0-24). Change is assessed by comparing scores at baseline, mid-point, and post-intervention.

Change in Maum-EASY Psychological Trauma Problems

The psychological trauma subscale of the Maum-EASY Test measures the presence of traumatic experiences and related problems, with each item rated on a 4-point Likert scale (0-3). Higher scores indicate a greater likelihood of problems such as intrusive memories, avoidance of others, and distrust of others (score range: 0-21). Change is assessed by comparing scores at baseline, mid-point, and post-intervention.

Change in Maum-EASY School Life Adjustment

The school life adjustment subscale of the Maum-EASY Test measures difficulties related to school adjustment and reduced coping skills, with each item rated on a 4-point Likert scale (0-3). Higher scores indicate a greater likelihood of problems such as lack of confidence, maladaptive coping, and difficulty making friends (score range: 0-21). Change is assessed by comparing scores at baseline, mid-point, and post-intervention.

Change in Subjective Mental Health (VAS)

Subjective mental health is measured using a self-report Visual Analog Scale (VAS) developed by the research team to multidimensionally assess adolescents' perceived mental health. It consists of 9 items, each rated on an 11-point scale from 0 (not at all) to 10 (very much). It is used as a supplementary measure of overall perceived mental health. Change is assessed by comparing scores at baseline, mid-point, and post-intervention.

Change in Empathy Quotient (K-EQ)

Empathy is measured using the Korean version of the Empathy Quotient (K-EQ), which assesses multidimensional empathic ability across cognitive empathy, emotional empathy, and social skills. It consists of 17 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale (score range: 17-68). Higher scores indicate greater empathic ability. Change is assessed by comparing scores at baseline, mid-point, and post-intervention.

Change in Grit (GRIT-S)

Grit is measured using the Short Grit Scale (GRIT-S), comprising two subfactors: consistency of effort and consistency of interest. It consists of 8 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (score range: 6-30). Higher scores indicate greater grit. Change is assessed by comparing scores at baseline, mid-point, and post-intervention.

Change in Big Five Personality Traits (BFI-K-10)

Personality is measured using a 15-item short form of the Big Five Inventory, comprising five subfactors: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) (score range: 15-75). Change is assessed by comparing scores at baseline, mid-point, and post-intervention.

NAVO:J App Log Data (Adherence)

Objective adherence is assessed using NAVO:J platform log data, including app access time and the scope of activities completed during the study period. This measure is used to verify participant compliance with the intervention.

Self-Reported Adherence Questionnaire

Subjective adherence is assessed using a self-report questionnaire on the number and duration of app sessions during the study period, administered at the post-intervention assessment.

Smartphone App Satisfaction Questionnaire

App satisfaction is assessed using a self-report questionnaire evaluating ease of use, information reliability and quality, perceived improvement in mental health, and overall satisfaction, administered at the post-intervention assessment.