A Subharmonic-Aided Pressure Estimate Technology for Prediction of Response to Systemic Therapy in Gastric Cancer Liver Metastases

This is a single-center, prospective observational study conducted at The First Hospital of Jilin University, designed to investigate the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) subharmonic imaging in the early prediction of response to first-line chemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer liver metastases,(GCLM).

Currently, treatment response in GCLM is primarily evaluated using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST 1.1), which relies on changes in tumor size measured by contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These assessments typically require 6-8 weeks after treatment initiation, which delays the identification of non-responders and limits opportunities for early treatment modification. There is an unmet clinical need for non-invasive, early biomarkers that can predict response before morphological changes become evident.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound subharmonic imaging is a radiation-free, real-time modality that specifically detects signals from microbubble contrast agents, providing high-sensitivity assessment of tumor microperfusion. Unlike conventional CEUS, subharmonic imaging suppresses tissue background signals, allowing for more accurate quantification of tumor vascularity and perfusion. This study aims to explore whether quantitative parameters derived from subharmonic time-intensity curves (TIC), obtained early in the course of first-line chemotherapy, can predict subsequent treatment response as defined by RECIST 1.1.

All eligible patients with histologically confirmed GCLM who are scheduled to receive first-line systemic chemotherapy will be enrolled. Patients will undergo baseline subharmonic CEUS examination within one week before the initiation of chemotherapy. Follow-up examinations will be performed after the first cycle of chemotherapy, prior to the standard RECIST 1.1 assessment time point. All examinations will be performed using a GE Logiq E120 ultrasound system equipped with subharmonic imaging software. Regions of interest (ROIs) will be carefully placed within the viable portions of the target liver metastases to generate TIC curves. Quantitative perfusion parameters, including peak intensity (PI), time to peak (TTP), area under the curve (AUC), wash-in rate (WIR), and wash-out rate (WOR), will be extracted and analyzed.

Standard chemotherapy regimens will be administered according to clinical guidelines. Treatment response will be assessed using contrast-enhanced CT or MRI at 8-12 weeks after treatment initiation, classified as complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), or progressive disease (PD) based on RECIST 1.1 criteria. The correlation between early changes in subharmonic CEUS parameters and the final treatment response will be evaluated using statistical methods, including receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to determine the predictive performance of each parameter.

The primary objective is to identify early subharmonic CEUS perfusion parameters that can predict favorable response (CR/PR) versus non-response (SD/PD) to first-line chemotherapy. The findings of this study may provide a novel, non-invasive imaging biomarker for the early prediction of treatment response in CRLM patients, enabling timely treatment adjustments, minimizing unnecessary toxicity, and potentially improving clinical outcomes.