Comparison Between Radiofrequency,Hydrodissection and Cryoneurolysis in Chronic Ankle Pain

Ligamentous injuries of the ankle are common among athletes. Inversion injuries of the ankle account for 40% of all athletic injuries. The anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) are sequentially the most commonly injured ligaments when a plantar-flexed foot is forcefully inverted. The posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) is rarely injured, except in association with a complete dislocation of the talus.

Eighty percent of patients with lateral ankle injuries make a full recovery following conservative rehabilitation.

Up to 20% of patients with an acute inversion injury develop chronic functional instability. Electromyography (EMG) has demonstrated prolonged reaction times of the peroneal muscle in this group of patients. Strengthening and proprioception exercises can lead to improvement. Patients whose injury does not respond and who have continued mechanical laxity and functional instability may be candidates for lateral ligament reconstruction Chronic pain of the lower extremity remains challenging to manage.Non-Surgical Treatments include

• Physical therapy: Do strength, flexibility, and balance exercises to build support around the joint.
• Bracing and support: Wear an ankle brace or use custom shoe inserts (orthotics) to stabilize your foot.
• Activity changes: Swap high-impact sports like running for low-impact options like swimming or cycling.
• Medications: Take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen to manage swelling and pain.
• Injections: Get targeted corticosteroid or regenerative injections if recommended by a doctor.
• Neuromodulaion : RFA, Cryneurolysis, botulinum injection Hydrodissection with botulinum toxin Hydrodissection is a minimally-invasive procedure that involves injecting fluid into anatomic spaces to facilitate dissection and adhesiolysis during surgery as proposed by Graesser et al. in 2022. In the past decade, it has been applied to the management of nerve entrapments by injecting fluid around the nerve to create space and separate them from surrounding structures. Injectates used are either saline, corticosteroids, anesthetic,dextrose water, platelet-rich plasma,Botulinum or combinations of these injectates Radiofrequency ablation in chronic ankle pain The use of both PRF and CRF has been reported to be used for chronic ankle and foot pain.CRF works by applying an active electrode to heat-targeted neural tissue to temperatures of 60-80 °C. These high temperatures cause coagulative necrosis, collagen destruction, and axonal degeneration, thereby resulting in third- and fourth-degree peripheral nerve injury . Pain relief is limited however by progressive axonal regeneration . In contrast to CRF, PRF delivers high-frequency current in a pulsed manner, allowing time between pulses for the dissipation of produced heat. As such, the electrode tip is kept at a maximum of 42 °C, which is below the temperature that produces nerve damage. Instead, though it is not yet clarified, it is thought that PRF employs a strong electromagnetic field to functionally change neuronal cells in small unmyelinated and lightly myelinated nerve fibers selectively. This in effect causes disruption of neuronal membranes, modulation of neuronal gene expression, and modulation of neuronal local cytokine release .

Following treatment, immediate changes of endoneurial edema can be seen histologically and clinical pain relief may last several years Cryoneurolysis Cryoneurolysis, also known as cryoablation or cryoneuroablation, is the application of cold temperatures to targeted nerves to "freeze" them in an attempt to block pain signals . This technique was introduced to treat acute pain initially but has significantly gained interest as an intervention for those struggling with chronic pain conditions, primarily due to the failure of traditional interventions that resulted in temporary results and further complications. Evidence has shown that cryoneurolysis may offer long-term pain relief without the need for constant pharmaceutical interventions . It is for this reason that it represents a desirable therapeutic opportunity to consider for patients suffering from chronic knee pain, neuropathic pain, and post-surgery-related pain Owing to its minimally invasive/non-invasive nature and lasting pain relief over months, cryoneurolysis offers significant advantages over traditional pain management methods . Furthermore, cryoneurolysis does not have systemic effects or addiction risks, as seen in long-term opioid use, making it a better pain management option today in the context of the increasing opioid crisis

Aim of study:

To evaluate and compare the efficacy of three ultrasound-guided neuromodulation techniques-hydrodissection with botulinum toxin, conventional radiofrequency ablation (RFA), and cryoneurolysis-targeting the superficial fibular nerve (SFN) in athletes with chronic ankle pain after anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) injuries.