此页面是自动翻译的，不保证翻译的准确性。请参阅 英文版 对于源文本。

OPTIMAL Motor Learning in Table Tennis: A fNIRS Study

2026年10月27日 更新者：Hui-Ting Shih、National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University

Does the OPTIMAL Theory Enhance Motor Learning and Cognitive and Sensorimotor Area Cortical Activation? A Theoretical Mechanism Validation in Young, Older Adults, and Cognitively Impaired Older Adults Novice Table Tennis Players

This study investigates how OPTIMAL theory influences table tennis backhand learning in young, healthy older, and mild cognitively impaired older adults. Meanwhile, we investigate the neural mechanisms of motor skill acquisition across different ages. This study utilizes functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to monitor brain activity. Beyond immediate performance, the research focuses on Retention (sustained skill over time) and Transfer (application to novel tasks) as critical indicators of true motor learning. To ensure objective results, a double-blind design is employed, where both participants and data analysts remain blinded to group assignments during behavioral and fNIRS data processing to minimize bias.

研究概览

地位

尚未招聘

条件

干预/治疗

研究类型

介入性

注册 (估计的)

90

阶段

  • 不适用

联系人和位置

本节提供了进行研究的人员的详细联系信息，以及有关进行该研究的地点的信息。

学习联系方式

学习地点

  • 台湾
      • Taipei、台湾
        • National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University
        • 接触：

参与标准

研究人员寻找符合特定描述的人，称为资格标准。这些标准的一些例子是一个人的一般健康状况或先前的治疗。

资格标准

适合学习的年龄

18年 至 80年 (成人、年长者)

接受健康志愿者

是的

有资格学习的性别

全部

描述

Healthy young adults are aged between 18 and 30 years, while healthy older adults and older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are aged between 65 and 80 years. Regarding cognitive criteria, healthy young adults and healthy older adults must score 24 or higher on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Older adults with MCI must further meet the following diagnostic criteria for MCI:

  1. Subjective cognitive decline: The participants themselves or their family members/primary caregivers report a decline in memory or cognitive function.
  2. Objective cognitive impairment: The education-adjusted score on the Taiwanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-T) is between 20 and 23. One point is added to the total MoCA-T score for individuals with less than 12 years of education. Considering the heterogeneity in education levels among Taiwan's older generation, if a participant has 6 or fewer years of education (elementary school or below) or is illiterate, the Chinese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Basic (MoCA-B) will be administered as a supplement. This is to reduce false-positive interference on the visuospatial and executive function subtests caused by a low educational level.
  3. Preserved activities of daily living: The score on the Compensatory Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL-C) scale ranges from 1.34 to 3.06, indicating that the participant possesses the ability to live independently and has not reached the level of dementia.

In addition to the age and cognitive requirements, participants across all three groups must meet the following inclusion criteria:

  1. Right-handed, with an Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) score > 40;
  2. Table tennis beginners who have never received professional table tennis instruction;
  3. Played table tennis less than once a month in the past year;
  4. Normal hearing and normal or corrected-to-normal vision.

Exclusion criteria include:

  1. Over 3 years of experience in other racket sports;
  2. A history of neurological or psychiatric disorders;
  3. Any musculoskeletal system diseases that might interfere with the experiment;
  4. Unstable cardiopulmonary function rendering them unsuitable for moderate-intensity aerobic exercise;
  5. Taking medications that affect the central nervous system or blood oxygen signals, such as potent sedative-hypnotics, antiepileptic drugs, or antipsychotic medications.

学习计划

本节提供研究计划的详细信息，包括研究的设计方式和研究的衡量标准。

研究是如何设计的？

设计细节

  • 主要用途：基础科学
  • 分配：随机化
  • 介入模型：并行分配
  • 屏蔽：双倍的

武器和干预

参与者组/臂
干预/治疗
实验性的：Young Adults - OPTIMAL

OPTIMAL theory-based instruction
行为的：OPTIMAL theory-based Instruction

Dose: 15 blocks of practice, with each block consisting of 30 table tennis backhand strokes (Total: 450 trials).

Description: The intervention integrates three components: (1) Autonomy Support (AS): Participants choose the color of the table tennis balls. (2) Enhanced Expectancy (EE): A visual illusion is used where the target is surrounded by smaller circles, making the target appear larger to boost confidence. (3) External Focus (EF): Instructions direct attention toward the target rather than limb movements.
有源比较器：Young Adults - Control

Conventional instruction
行为的：Conventional Instruction (Control)

Dose: Same as Experimental group (15 blocks x 30 trials; Total: 450 trials).

Description: (1) No choice is provided (Yoked control). (2) A visual illusion is used where the target is surrounded by larger circles, making the target appear smaller. (3) Instructions focus on body mechanics, such as elbow position and swing path (Internal Focus).
实验性的：Older Adults - OPTIMAL

OPTIMAL theory-based instruction
行为的：OPTIMAL theory-based Instruction

Dose: 15 blocks of practice, with each block consisting of 30 table tennis backhand strokes (Total: 450 trials).

Description: The intervention integrates three components: (1) Autonomy Support (AS): Participants choose the color of the table tennis balls. (2) Enhanced Expectancy (EE): A visual illusion is used where the target is surrounded by smaller circles, making the target appear larger to boost confidence. (3) External Focus (EF): Instructions direct attention toward the target rather than limb movements.
有源比较器：Older Adults - Control

Conventional instruction
行为的：Conventional Instruction (Control)

Dose: Same as Experimental group (15 blocks x 30 trials; Total: 450 trials).

Description: (1) No choice is provided (Yoked control). (2) A visual illusion is used where the target is surrounded by larger circles, making the target appear smaller. (3) Instructions focus on body mechanics, such as elbow position and swing path (Internal Focus).
实验性的：MCI Older Adults - OPTIMAL

OPTIMAL theory-based instruction
行为的：OPTIMAL theory-based Instruction

Dose: 15 blocks of practice, with each block consisting of 30 table tennis backhand strokes (Total: 450 trials).

Description: The intervention integrates three components: (1) Autonomy Support (AS): Participants choose the color of the table tennis balls. (2) Enhanced Expectancy (EE): A visual illusion is used where the target is surrounded by smaller circles, making the target appear larger to boost confidence. (3) External Focus (EF): Instructions direct attention toward the target rather than limb movements.
有源比较器：MCI Older Adults - Control

Conventional instruction
行为的：Conventional Instruction (Control)

Dose: Same as Experimental group (15 blocks x 30 trials; Total: 450 trials).

Description: (1) No choice is provided (Yoked control). (2) A visual illusion is used where the target is surrounded by larger circles, making the target appear smaller. (3) Instructions focus on body mechanics, such as elbow position and swing path (Internal Focus).

研究衡量的是什么？

主要结果指标

结果测量
措施说明
大体时间
Motor Performance (Accuracy Score)
大体时间：Day 1 Pre-test: before practice (3 blocks) Acquisition: during practice (15 blocks) Post-test: immediately after practice (3 blocks) Day 2 Retention test: at least 24 hours after Day 1 (3 blocks) Transfer test: at least 24 hours after Day 1 (3 blocks)

Accuracy is measured with a target-centered scoring system on a 0-7 scale per ball; higher scores indicate better accuracy.

7 pts: Hit target (10 cm diameter).

6 pts: Hit zone (20 cm).

5 pts: Hit zone (30 cm).

4 pts: Hit zone (40 cm).

3 pts: Hit zone (50 cm).

2 pts: Hit opposite table surface but missed target zones.

1 pt: Ball was hit but missed the opposite table.

0 pts: Failed to hit the ball.

The performance is presented by blocks. Each block contains 30 balls. The average score of each block is calculated.
Day 1 Pre-test: before practice (3 blocks) Acquisition: during practice (15 blocks) Post-test: immediately after practice (3 blocks) Day 2 Retention test: at least 24 hours after Day 1 (3 blocks) Transfer test: at least 24 hours after Day 1 (3 blocks)

次要结果测量

结果测量
措施说明
大体时间
Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) Activation
大体时间：Day 1 Pre-test: before practice (3 blocks) Acquisition: during practice (15 blocks) Post-test: immediately after practice (3 blocks) Day 2 Retention test: at least 24 hours after Day 1 (3 blocks) Transfer test: at least 24 hours after Day 1 (3 blocks)

Change in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) concentration (μM) in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during table tennis backhand task blocks.
Day 1 Pre-test: before practice (3 blocks) Acquisition: during practice (15 blocks) Post-test: immediately after practice (3 blocks) Day 2 Retention test: at least 24 hours after Day 1 (3 blocks) Transfer test: at least 24 hours after Day 1 (3 blocks)
Premotor Cortex (PMC) Activation
大体时间：Day 1 Pre-test: before practice (3 blocks) Acquisition: during practice (15 blocks) Post-test: immediately after practice (3 blocks) Day 2 Retention test: at least 24 hours after Day 1 (3 blocks) Transfer test: at least 24 hours after Day 1 (3 blocks)

Change in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) concentration (μM) in the bilateral premotor cortex (PMC), measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during table tennis backhand task blocks.
Day 1 Pre-test: before practice (3 blocks) Acquisition: during practice (15 blocks) Post-test: immediately after practice (3 blocks) Day 2 Retention test: at least 24 hours after Day 1 (3 blocks) Transfer test: at least 24 hours after Day 1 (3 blocks)
Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) Activation
大体时间：Day 1 Pre-test: before practice (3 blocks) Acquisition: during practice (15 blocks) Post-test: immediately after practice (3 blocks) Day 2 Retention test: at least 24 hours after Day 1 (3 blocks) Transfer test: at least 24 hours after Day 1 (3 blocks)

Change in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) concentration (μM) in the supplementary motor area (SMA), measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during table tennis backhand task blocks.
Day 1 Pre-test: before practice (3 blocks) Acquisition: during practice (15 blocks) Post-test: immediately after practice (3 blocks) Day 2 Retention test: at least 24 hours after Day 1 (3 blocks) Transfer test: at least 24 hours after Day 1 (3 blocks)
Sensorimotor Cortex (SMC) Activation
大体时间：Day 1 Pre-test: before practice (3 blocks) Acquisition: during practice (15 blocks) Post-test: immediately after practice (3 blocks) Day 2 Retention test: at least 24 hours after Day 1 (3 blocks) Transfer test: at least 24 hours after Day 1 (3 blocks)

Change in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) concentration (μM) in the sensorimotor cortex (SMC), measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during table tennis backhand task blocks.
Day 1 Pre-test: before practice (3 blocks) Acquisition: during practice (15 blocks) Post-test: immediately after practice (3 blocks) Day 2 Retention test: at least 24 hours after Day 1 (3 blocks) Transfer test: at least 24 hours after Day 1 (3 blocks)
Self-Efficacy (General Self-Efficacy Scale, GSES)
大体时间：Day 1 Immediately after Pre-test

Self-efficacy is measured with the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), a 10-item self-report scale.

Each item is rated from 1 (not at all true) to 4 (exactly true), giving a total score of 10 to 40; higher scores indicate higher self-efficacy.
Day 1 Immediately after Pre-test

其他结果措施

结果测量
措施说明
大体时间
Manipulation Check
大体时间：Day 1 After Post-test Day 2 After Transfer test

A questionnaire verifying whether participants perceived the assigned experimental manipulations (autonomy support, enhanced expectancies, and attentional focus). It consists of 19 items rated mainly on 0-10 scales (items 10-11 on a 0-100% scale); higher scores indicate stronger agreement or greater perception of the corresponding construct.
Day 1 After Post-test Day 2 After Transfer test

合作者和调查者

在这里您可以找到参与这项研究的人员和组织。

赞助

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University

研究记录日期

这些日期跟踪向 ClinicalTrials.gov 提交研究记录和摘要结果的进度。研究记录和报告的结果由国家医学图书馆 (NLM) 审查，以确保它们在发布到公共网站之前符合特定的质量控制标准。

研究主要日期

学习开始 (估计的)

2026年11月1日

初级完成 (估计的)

2028年8月31日

研究完成 (估计的)

2028年10月31日

研究注册日期

首次提交

2026年10月8日

首先提交符合 QC 标准的

2026年10月27日

首次发布 (实际的)

2026年11月3日

研究记录更新

最后更新发布 (实际的)

2026年11月3日

上次提交的符合 QC 标准的更新

2026年10月27日

最后验证

2026年10月1日

更多信息

与本研究相关的术语

关键字

其他研究编号

  • NYCU115196AE

计划个人参与者数据 (IPD)

计划共享个人参与者数据 (IPD)？

不

药物和器械信息、研究文件

研究美国 FDA 监管的药品

不

研究美国 FDA 监管的设备产品

不

此信息直接从 clinicaltrials.gov 网站检索，没有任何更改。如果您有任何更改、删除或更新研究详细信息的请求，请联系 register@clinicaltrials.gov. clinicaltrials.gov 上实施更改，我们的网站上也会自动更新.

订阅