Effects of Whole-Body Vibration and Cervical Stabilization With Core Stabilization in Young Adults With Non-Specific Low Back Pain

Participants in this group will perform the standard core stabilization exercise program, including the abdominal drawing-in maneuver, heel slide, single-leg march, single-leg extended heel tap, bridge, bridge pulse, dead bug, modified curl-up, and semi-plank. The total intervention duration is approximately 20 minutes.

Participants perform a core stabilization exercise program including the abdominal drawing-in maneuver, heel slide, single-leg march, single-leg extended heel tap, bridge, bridge pulse, dead bug, modified curl-up, and semi-plank. The program is designed to activate and control the deep trunk stabilizing muscles.

Participants in this group will receive 5 minutes of whole-body vibration before the core stabilization exercise program. The vibration platform will be set at 30 Hz with an amplitude of 2 mm, and participants will stand with the knees slightly flexed during the vibration. Immediately afterward, participants will perform the same core stabilization exercise program used in the core stabilization group. After completing the core stabilization exercises, an additional 5 minutes of whole-body vibration will be applied using the same parameters. The total intervention duration is approximately 30 minutes.

Participants perform a core stabilization exercise program including the abdominal drawing-in maneuver, heel slide, single-leg march, single-leg extended heel tap, bridge, bridge pulse, dead bug, modified curl-up, and semi-plank. The program is designed to activate and control the deep trunk stabilizing muscles.

Whole-body vibration will be applied using a vibration platform at a frequency of 30 Hz and an amplitude of 2 mm. Participants will stand on the platform with the knees slightly flexed for 5 minutes before the core stabilization exercise program and for an additional 5 minutes after the program.

Participants in this group will perform cervical stabilization exercises before the core stabilization exercise program. The cervical exercises will be performed in supine using a pressure biofeedback unit placed under the cervical spine. Participants will perform controlled craniocervical flexion, progressing the target pressure from 20 mmHg to 30 mmHg in 2 mmHg increments. The cervical stabilization exercises will be performed for approximately 5 minutes before the core stabilization program and repeated for an additional 5 minutes afterward. The total intervention duration is approximately 30 minutes.

Participants perform a core stabilization exercise program including the abdominal drawing-in maneuver, heel slide, single-leg march, single-leg extended heel tap, bridge, bridge pulse, dead bug, modified curl-up, and semi-plank. The program is designed to activate and control the deep trunk stabilizing muscles.

Participants will perform cervical stabilization exercises in the supine position using a pressure biofeedback unit placed under the cervical spine. Controlled craniocervical flexion will be performed with progressive target pressures from 20 mmHg to 30 mmHg in 2 mmHg increments. The exercises will be performed for approximately 5 minutes before the core stabilization program and repeated for an additional 5 minutes afterward.

Deep abdominal muscle activation and lumbopelvic stability assessed with a pressure biofeedback unit in crook lying during the abdominal drawing-in maneuver, starting at 40 mmHg. The score is the absolute deviation from 40 mmHg (best of three trials); smaller values indicate better motor control.

Activation of the transversus abdominis assessed in prone lying with the pressure biofeedback unit placed under the abdomen and inflated to 70 mmHg. Participants draw the abdominal wall in without moving the spine or pelvis. The score is the pressure reduction from 70 mmHg held steadily (best of three trials); larger reductions indicate better activation.

Self-reported low back pain intensity rated from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain). Lower scores indicate less pain.

Pressure pain threshold in kg/cm² measured with a pressure algometer 2 cm lateral to the L4 spinous process. The mean of three measurements is used. Higher values indicate lower pain sensitivity.

Pressure pain threshold in kg/cm² measured with a pressure algometer 3 cm lateral to the L3 spinous process. The mean of three measurements is used. Higher values indicate lower pain sensitivity.

Pressure pain threshold in kg/cm² measured with a pressure algometer 5 cm lateral to the L3 level. The mean of three measurements is used. Higher values indicate lower pain sensitivity.

Maximum reach in the anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral directions while standing on the right leg, normalized to right lower limb length and expressed as a composite score (%). Higher scores indicate better dynamic balance.

Maximum reach in the anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral directions while standing on the left leg, normalized to left lower limb length and expressed as a composite score (%). Higher scores indicate better dynamic balance.

Isometric holding time in seconds in the trunk flexor endurance test (McGill). Longer holding time indicates greater trunk flexor endurance.

Isometric holding time in seconds in the prone plank position. Longer holding time indicates greater trunk muscle endurance.

Isometric holding time in seconds in the right side bridge test (McGill). Longer holding time indicates greater lateral trunk endurance.

Isometric holding time in seconds in the left side bridge test (McGill). Longer holding time indicates greater lateral trunk endurance.