A Novel Electronic Method of Collecting Pain Scores in the Emergency Department (PIMPERNEL)
Patient Input Monitoring of Pain in the Emergency Room: Novel Electronic Log (PIMPERNEL). A Randomised Controlled Trial of an Electronic Pain Score Display in Adults in the Emergency Department
Can a novel electronic display of pain be successfully used in the emergency department and does it (1) change analgesic prescription and (2) change amount of pain experienced? Pain is a common symptom in emergency care. As patients are seldom reassessed, staff may not be aware of pain. Currently, members of nursing or medical staff need to ask patients about their pain and record it manually using a visual analogue scale from 0-10.
The new electronic display uses buttons to represent a pain scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain). Patients will select the number that best corresponds to their pain every 15 minutes. In the experimental group, the score will be displayed on a screen. In the control group, the score will not be displayed. The investigators will compare the overall amount of pain in both groups, and will look at their pain management (painkillers prescribed). The investigators will also ask patients and staff for their opinions on the display.
The study will include adult patients in the emergency department at Leicester Royal Infirmary with an initial pain score of 5 or more who are able to make a decision about whether to participate. Participants will also need to be likely to stay in the hospital for more than 2 hours to allow the investigators to gather enough useful data. The study will recruit 200 participants. If the study can demonstrate that the monitor is acceptable to patients and staff and results in improved pain management, it is a low cost intervention which could be widely implemented within the NHS. It also has the potential for being used in other areas such as surgical wards. The investigators have previously found that 300-400 patients per week in the department have moderate to severe pain and might therefore benefit from this monitor.
調査の概要
状態
条件
研究の種類
入学 (実際)
段階
- 適用できない
連絡先と場所
研究場所
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Leicestershire
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Leicester、Leicestershire、イギリス、LE1 5WW
- Leicester Royal Infirmary
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参加基準
適格基準
就学可能な年齢
健康ボランティアの受け入れ
受講資格のある性別
説明
Inclusion Criteria:
- adult (18 years and over)
- underlying condition giving rise to significant pain (initial VAS pain score of 5 or more)
- likely to be staying in the hospital for at least 2 hours
- willing and able to give informed consent
- able to understand and speak a good level of English
Exclusion Criteria:
- children (under 18 years)
- patients not willing to undergo routine care (analgesic treatment)
- patients who do not have capacity to consent
- patients who are unwilling or unable to give informed consent
- prisoners
- patients who cannot understand the study information in English
- currently participating in another clinical trial as far as can be determined from information available at the time of assessment
- patients who have a physical or visual disability which will prevent them from holding or using the pain display
研究計画
研究はどのように設計されていますか？
デザインの詳細
- 主な目的：他の
- 割り当て：ランダム化
- 介入モデル：並列代入
- マスキング：なし（オープンラベル）
武器と介入
参加者グループ / アーム |
介入・治療 |
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実験的：PIMPERNEL Novel Electronic Log - intervention
The display is an electronic version of the 11 point NRS. An audible 'beep' every 15 minutes prompts the patient to record their pain level. The display measures 122mm x 30mm x 15mm. Through a wireless connection, the data from the display are transmitted to a display unit (a Nexus tablet). |
Pain scores are displayed on the screen when the participant presses the corresponding button
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他の：PIMPERNEL Novel Electronic Log - control
The display is an electronic version of the 11 point NRS. An audible 'beep' every 15 minutes prompts the patient to record their pain level. The display measures 122mm x 30mm x 15mm. Through a wireless connection, the data from the display are transmitted to a display unit (a Nexus tablet). |
Participants press the buttons to record their pain score but the score is not on display (the screen is turned backwards).
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この研究は何を測定していますか？
主要な結果の測定
結果測定 |
メジャーの説明 |
時間枠 |
|---|---|---|
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Pain reported by the patient:11 point numerical pain scale
時間枠：Up to 6 hours
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Data collected from the display using the 11 point numerical pain scale.
The area under the curve will be compared between the intervention and control groups.
The Numerical Rating Scale is a scale from 0-10 (whole numbers only, where 0 represents 'no pain' and 10 represents 'worst pain ever').
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Up to 6 hours
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二次結果の測定
結果測定 |
メジャーの説明 |
時間枠 |
|---|---|---|
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Proportion of possible scores recorded by patients
時間枠：Up to 6 hours
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Up to 6 hours
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Comparison of pain recorded on the display (closest minute) with verbal pain assessment at 2 and 4 hours
時間枠：Up to 6 hours
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The scores recorded by the participants at 2 and 4 hours into their hospital stay will be compared with the scores recorded by nursing staff in the electronic record.
The 11 point numerical rating scale is used for both measurements.
The Numerical Rating Scale is a scale from 0-10 (whole numbers only, where 0 represents 'no pain' and 10 represents 'worst pain ever').
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Up to 6 hours
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Understanding the pattern of pain (shape of the curve of pain scores) over the time of the ED stay
時間枠：Up to 6 hours
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Up to 6 hours
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Recording time to second dose of analgesia and whether there is a pattern to this
時間枠：Up to 6 hours
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Up to 6 hours
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Use of analgesia in intervention and control groups (dose, time prescribed, time administered and name)
時間枠：Up to 6 hours
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The dose, time prescribed, time administered and name of analgesia given pre-hospital and whilst in hospital will be recorded and a comparison made between the groups.
This is a feasibility study only so exact outcome depends upon what data can be collected.
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Up to 6 hours
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Opinion of patients
時間枠：Up to 6 hours
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Uses a short (4 question) questionnaire designed for this study. Questions on ease of use, whether the monitor is a good idea, whether participants would use it again in the future and whether it improved their experience as a patient, plus a comments box. Questions: 1) How easy was it to use the pain monitor? (very easy, easy, no opinion, difficult, very difficult) 2) I think that the pain monitor is a good idea (strongly agree, agree, no opinion, disagree, strongly disagree) 3) I would use the monitor again in the future (strongly agree, agree, no opinion, disagree, strongly disagree) 4) The pain monitor improved my experience as a patient (strongly agree, agree, no opinion, disagree, strongly disagree) |
Up to 6 hours
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Opinion of staff (including their opinion of whether patients press the button for reasons other than pain)
時間枠：Up to 6 hours
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Short (4 question) questionnaire designed for the study. Questions on whether the display is practical to use in the Emergency Department, whether they think it is a good idea, whether it is likely to improve the patient experience and whether a patient used the display to get their attention for a reason other than pain. Also has a comments box. Questions: 1) The pain display is practical to use in the Emergency Department (strongly agree, agree, no opinion, disagree, strongly disagree) 2) I think that the pain display is a good idea (strongly agree, agree, no opinion, disagree, strongly disagree) 3) The pain display is likely to improve the patient experience (strongly agree, agree, no opinion, disagree, strongly disagree) 4) A patient used the pain display to get my attention for a reason other than pain (yes, not sure, no) |
Up to 6 hours
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Opinion of researchers regarding any likely stratification needs
時間枠：Up to 6 hours
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Subjective opinion of researchers having completed the study on whether stratification would be required in future studies.
No specific measurement used.
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Up to 6 hours
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協力者と研究者
スポンサー
捜査官
- 主任研究者：Timothy J Coats, Prof、University of Leicester
出版物と役立つリンク
一般刊行物
- Rupp T, Delaney KA. Inadequate analgesia in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 2004 Apr;43(4):494-503. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2003.11.019.
- Johnston CC, Gagnon AJ, Fullerton L, Common C, Ladores M, Forlini S. One-week survey of pain intensity on admission to and discharge from the emergency department: a pilot study. J Emerg Med. 1998 May-Jun;16(3):377-82. doi: 10.1016/s0736-4679(98)00012-2.
- Cordell WH, Keene KK, Giles BK, Jones JB, Jones JH, Brizendine EJ. The high prevalence of pain in emergency medical care. Am J Emerg Med. 2002 May;20(3):165-9. doi: 10.1053/ajem.2002.32643.
- Ducharme J, Barber C. A prospective blinded study on emergency pain assessment and therapy. J Emerg Med. 1995 Jul-Aug;13(4):571-5. doi: 10.1016/0736-4679(95)80023-9.
- Todd KH, Ducharme J, Choiniere M, Crandall CS, Fosnocht DE, Homel P, Tanabe P; PEMI Study Group. Pain in the emergency department: results of the pain and emergency medicine initiative (PEMI) multicenter study. J Pain. 2007 Jun;8(6):460-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2006.12.005. Epub 2007 Feb 15.
- Motov SM, Khan AN. Problems and barriers of pain management in the emergency department: Are we ever going to get better? J Pain Res. 2008 Dec 9;2:5-11.
- Loryman B, Davies F, Chavada G, Coats T. Consigning "brutacaine" to history: a survey of pharmacological techniques to facilitate painful procedures in children in emergency departments in the UK. Emerg Med J. 2006 Nov;23(11):838-40. doi: 10.1136/emj.2006.034140.
- Brown JC, Klein EJ, Lewis CW, Johnston BD, Cummings P. Emergency department analgesia for fracture pain. Ann Emerg Med. 2003 Aug;42(2):197-205. doi: 10.1067/mem.2003.275.
- Stahmer SA, Shofer FS, Marino A, Shepherd S, Abbuhl S. Do quantitative changes in pain intensity correlate with pain relief and satisfaction? Acad Emerg Med. 1998 Sep;5(9):851-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02811.x.
- FitzGerald G, Jelinek GA, Scott D, Gerdtz MF. Emergency department triage revisited. Emerg Med J. 2010 Feb;27(2):86-92. doi: 10.1136/emj.2009.077081.
- Telfer P, Criddle J, Sandell J, Davies F, Morrison I, Challands J. Intranasal diamorphine for acute sickle cell pain. Arch Dis Child. 2009 Dec;94(12):979-80. doi: 10.1136/adc.2008.138875. Epub 2009 Mar 25.
- France J, Smith S, Smith L. The College of Emergency Medicine Best Practice Guideline: Management of Pain in Adults. 2014.
- Menendez ME, Bot AG, Hageman MG, Neuhaus V, Mudgal CS, Ring D. Computerized adaptive testing of psychological factors: relation to upper-extremity disability. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Oct 16;95(20):e149. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.L.01614.
- Smith JE, Rockett M, Squire R, Hayward CJ, Creanor S, Ewings P, Barton A, Pritchard C, Benger JR. PAin SoluTions In the Emergency Setting (PASTIES); a protocol for two open-label randomised trials of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) versus routine care in the emergency department. BMJ Open. 2013 Feb 14;3(2):e002577. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002577. Print 2013.
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