Isometric vs. Dynamic Squat Pre-Loading: Acute PAPE Responses (IPP vs DPP)
2026年7月6日 更新者：Neslihan AKÇAY、Karabuk University
Acute Post-Activation Performance Responses to Isometric and Dynamic Squat Pre-Loading Protocols: A Randomized Crossover Trial
This randomized crossover study compared the acute post-activation performance responses to isometric and dynamic squat-based preconditioning protocols performed with and without electromyostimulation (EMS).
Participants completed five randomized experimental conditions: maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), dynamic contraction (DC), MVIC+EMS, DC+EMS, and EMS only (O-EMS).
Baseline and post-intervention assessments included countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJWH), zig-zag agility, and shooting speed, with post-tests conducted after a 4-minute recovery period.
Perceptual responses, including ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), perceived discomfort (RPD), and fatigue (VAS), were recorded immediately after each protocol.
All sessions were conducted between 14:00 and 16:00 under standardized conditions, with protocol order randomized and participants instructed to avoid strenuous exercise and food intake before testing.
調査の概要
状態
まだ募集していません
詳細な説明
This study aimed to compare the acute post-activation performance responses to isometric and dynamic squat-based preconditioning protocols, with and without EMS.
All testing sessions were conducted between 14:00 and 16:00 to minimize the potential effects of circadian rhythms and fatigue on performance.
The study was conducted using a randomized, crossover design.
On the remaining five experimental days, the order of the protocols was randomized for each participant using a computer-generated randomization sequence (randomizer.org)
to reduce order effects.
During the first session, participants' anthropometric measurements were recorded, their one-repetition maximum (1RM) back squat loads were determined, and they were familiarized with the equipment and testing procedures.
Participants completed five separate experimental sessions consisting of the following conditions: [A] Isometric Contraction + EMS (MVIC-EMS), [B] Dynamic Contraction + EMS (DC-EMS), [C] Dynamic Contraction (DC), [D] Isometric Contraction (MVIC), and [E] Only EMS (O-EMS).
Before each experimental protocol, baseline measurements were obtained using countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ with hands (CMJWH), zig-zag agility test, and shooting speed assessments.
After each protocol, all tests were repeated after a 4-minute rest period (Chen et al., 2023).
Under all conditions, the electrodes were placed identically by the same experienced researcher.
Subsequently, players' shooting speeds were measured using a radar gun, with two trials performed and the highest value recorded.
Immediately after each experimental protocol, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), perceived discomfort (RPD), and perceived fatigue level were assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) and recorded.
Participants were instructed to refrain from food intake for 1.5 hours before testing, to avoid resistance training throughout the study period, and were verbally encouraged during all testing sessions.
研究の種類
介入
入学 (推定)
22
段階
- 適用できない
連絡先と場所
このセクションには、調査を実施する担当者の連絡先の詳細と、この調査が実施されている場所に関する情報が記載されています。
研究連絡先
- 名前：Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate
- 電話番号：+905468426671
- メール：neslihanozcan@karabuk.edu.tr
研究連絡先のバックアップ
- 名前：Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate
研究場所
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Turkey
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Karabük、Turkey、トルコ（Türkiye）、78200
- Karabuk University
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コンタクト：
- Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate
- 電話番号：+905468426671
- メール：neslihanozcan@karabuk.edu.tr
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主任研究者：
- Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate
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副調査官：
- Cem Sofuoğlu
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副調査官：
- Wolfgang Kemmler, Prof.Dr.
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副調査官：
- Andre Filipovic, Prof.Dr.
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副調査官：
- Metehan Yana, Doctorate
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副調査官：
- Erşan Arslan, Prof.Dr.
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参加基準
研究者は、適格基準と呼ばれる特定の説明に適合する人を探します。これらの基準のいくつかの例は、人の一般的な健康状態または以前の治療です。
適格基準
就学可能な年齢
- 大人
健康ボランティアの受け入れ
はい
説明
Inclusion Criteria:
- Being healthy
- Male volleyball athletes
- Willing to maintain the intervention for all sessions
Exclusion Criteria:
- Being under 18 years old
- Having a chronic disease
- Contraindications for exercise
研究計画
このセクションでは、研究がどのように設計され、研究が何を測定しているかなど、研究計画の詳細を提供します。
研究はどのように設計されていますか？
デザインの詳細
- 主な目的：処理
- 割り当て：ランダム化
- 介入モデル：クロスオーバー割り当て
- マスキング：独身
武器と介入
参加者グループ / アーム |
介入・治療 |
|---|---|
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実験的：Condition 1
Dynamic contraction
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Participants performed a dynamic back squat conditioning protocol on a Smith machine consisting of five sets of one repetition at 90% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), with 1 min of passive recovery between sets.
Each repetition included a controlled descent to approximately 90° of knee flexion, an explosive concentric phase, a 2-s isometric hold at full knee extension, and a slow, controlled eccentric phase (Pincivero et al.).
All repetitions were supervised to ensure proper technique.
The protocol was selected based on previous evidence supporting high-intensity resistance exercise as an effective conditioning activity for inducing PAPE responses (Dobbs et al.).
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実験的：Condition 2
isometric contraction
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The isometric contraction protocol was conducted as described by Koźlenia and Domaradzki (2023) and Lim and Kong (2013).
Participants assumed a squat position in a squat rack with the barbell fixed in place and the knee joint positioned at approximately 90° of flexion (Profitness 1030, Türkiye).
The barbell was secured to the rack using safety pins, and participants were instructed to exert maximal force against the immovable bar to produce a MVIC.
Each contraction lasted 3 seconds, and a total of 3 repetitions were performed with 2 min of rest between repetitions (Koźlenia & Domaradzki, 2023; Lim & Kong, 2013).
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実験的：Condition 3
Dynamic + EMS contraction
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Participants performed a dynamic back squat conditioning protocol on a Smith machine consisting of five sets of one repetition at 90% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), with 1 min of passive recovery between sets.
In the DC-EMS condition, electromyostimulation (EMS) was applied simultaneously throughout the conditioning protocol.
Each repetition included a controlled descent to approximately 90° of knee flexion, an explosive concentric phase, a 2-s isometric hold at full knee extension, and a slow, controlled eccentric phase (Pincivero et al.).
All repetitions were supervised to ensure proper technique.
The protocol was selected based on previous evidence supporting high-intensity resistance exercise as an effective conditioning activity for inducing PAPE responses (Dobbs et al.).
|
|
実験的：Condition 4
Isometric + EMS Contraction
|
The isometric contraction protocol was conducted as described by Koźlenia and Domaradzki (2023) and Lim and Kong (2013).
Participants assumed a squat position in a squat rack with the barbell fixed in place and the knee joint positioned at approximately 90° of flexion (Profitness 1030, Türkiye).
The barbell was secured to the rack using safety pins, and participants were instructed to exert maximal force against the immovable bar to produce an MVIC.
Each contraction lasted 3 seconds, and a total of three repetitions were performed with 2 min of rest between repetitions (Koźlenia & Domaradzki, 2023; Lim & Kong, 2013).
In the MVIC-EMS condition, electromyostimulation (EMS) was applied simultaneously during each maximal voluntary isometric contraction.
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実験的：Condition 5
EMS contraction
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EMS was delivered bilaterally to the quadriceps using a portable stimulator (Compex Rehab 400, Compex Medical SA, Switzerland) with a biphasic symmetrical rectangular waveform (75 Hz, 450 μs).
Four self-adhesive electrodes were placed over the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles of both legs.
Participants remained seated for 10 min with the knees flexed at approximately 90° and the hips flexed at approximately 110°, while receiving EMS without performing any voluntary contractions.
Stimulation intensity was gradually increased to the highest level tolerated by each participant and maintained throughout the intervention (Paillard et al., 2008; Sofuoğlu et al., 2025).
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この研究は何を測定していますか？
主要な結果の測定
結果測定 |
メジャーの説明 |
時間枠 |
|---|---|---|
|
Countermovement Jump (CMJ) Height
時間枠：aseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Change in countermovement jump (CMJ) height (cm) from baseline to 4 minutes after each conditioning protocol, measured using a jump assessment system.
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aseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Countermovement Jump with Arm Swing (CMJWH) Height
時間枠：Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Change in countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJWH) height (cm) from baseline to 4 minutes after each conditioning protocol.
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Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Zig-Zag Agility Performance
時間枠：Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Change in zig-zag agility performance time (s) from baseline to 4 minutes after each conditioning protocol.
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Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Shooting Speed
時間枠：Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Change in maximal shooting speed (km/h) from baseline to 4 minutes after each conditioning protocol, measured using a radar gun.
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Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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二次結果の測定
結果測定 |
メジャーの説明 |
時間枠 |
|---|---|---|
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Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
時間枠：Immediately after each experimental condition
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Rating of perceived exertion assessed immediately after each conditioning protocol using the Borg CR-10 scale.
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Immediately after each experimental condition
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Rating of Perceived Discomfort (RPD)
時間枠：Immediately after each experimental condition
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Rating of perceived discomfort assessed immediately after each conditioning protocol using the Borg CR-10 scale.
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Immediately after each experimental condition
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Perceived Fatigue
時間枠：Immediately after each experimental condition
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Perceived fatigue assessed immediately after each conditioning protocol using a visual analog scale (VAS).
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Immediately after each experimental condition
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協力者と研究者
ここでは、この調査に関係する人々や組織を見つけることができます。
スポンサー
捜査官
- スタディチェア：Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate、Karabuk University
出版物と役立つリンク
研究に関する情報を入力する責任者は、自発的にこれらの出版物を提供します。これらは、研究に関連するあらゆるものに関するものである可能性があります。
一般刊行物
- Keskin K, Akcay N, Ozmen T, Contarli N, Yildiz KC, Sofuoglu C, Kamis O, Rolnick N, de Queiros VS, Montoye A. Effects of different pre-exercise strategies on jumping performance in female volleyball players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2025 Jan;65(1):59-68. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.24.16196-8. Epub 2024 Oct 3.
- Sofuoglu C, Fujita RA, Keskin K, Kamis O, Akcay N. Acute electrical muscle stimulation effects on strength and anaerobic power in soccer players. Int J Sports Med. 2025 Jun;46(7):501-509. doi: 10.1055/a-2563-9289. Epub 2025 Mar 20.
研究記録日
これらの日付は、ClinicalTrials.gov への研究記録と要約結果の提出の進捗状況を追跡します。研究記録と報告された結果は、国立医学図書館 (NLM) によって審査され、公開 Web サイトに掲載される前に、特定の品質管理基準を満たしていることが確認されます。
主要日程の研究
研究開始 (推定)
2026年8月1日
一次修了 (推定)
2026年8月30日
研究の完了 (推定)
2026年9月5日
試験登録日
最初に提出
2026年7月6日
QC基準を満たした最初の提出物
2026年7月6日
最初の投稿 (実際)
2026年7月10日
学習記録の更新
投稿された最後の更新 (実際)
2026年7月10日
QC基準を満たした最後の更新が送信されました
2026年7月6日
最終確認日
2026年7月1日
詳しくは
本研究に関する用語
キーワード
追加の関連 MeSH 用語
その他の研究ID番号
- UKarabuk-6
個々の参加者データ (IPD) の計画
個々の参加者データ (IPD) を共有する予定はありますか?
未定
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米国FDA規制医薬品の研究
いいえ
米国FDA規制機器製品の研究
いいえ
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