Do Weight Status and the Level of Dietary Restraint Moderate the Relationship Between Package Unit Size and Food Intake?
2018년 4월 3일 업데이트: Hollie Raynor, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville
The objective of this study is to determine the independent and combined effects of weight status and the level of dietary restraint on the relationship between package unit size and food intake.
연구 개요
상세 설명
The estimated prevalence of obesity among adults in 2007-2008 was 33.8% and the combined estimated prevalence of overweight and obesity was 68.0% [1]. Although there are no clear reasons for the current obesity epidemic, there is a general consensus that environmental dietary factors, such as package unit size, encourage excessive food intake and positive energy balance [2, 3]. It is believed that the package unit size of food indirectly influences food intake by impacting the accuracy of consumption monitoring [2, 4]. Large packages decrease the accuracy of consumption monitoring by making it difficult to assess how many servings have been consumed in one sitting, while small single-serving packages can increase the accuracy of consumption monitoring by providing a clear definition of what a standard serving is and how much one has consumed [2, 4, 5]. Therefore, it has been proposed that small, single-serving packages of snack foods may help reduce energy intake [4, 5]. To date, limited studies have been conducted in this area and the results are inconsistent [4-9]. Mixed results could be related to differences in participant variables, specifically weight status and level of dietary restraint (a term that refers to the amount of control exerted over food intake) [4, 9]. These individual characteristics may interact with food package unit size to influence one's food intake [2, 4]. Overweight individuals or restrained eaters may more closely monitor the volume of food they consume as compared to normal weight or unrestrained eaters [4, 9]. The [smaller] size of food packaging may aid in monitoring food consumption and thus, influence how much food is consumed in overweight and/or restrained eaters [2, 4]. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine if weight status and the level of dietary restraint moderate the relationship between package unit size and food intake.
Specific Aims:
- Determine the effect of dietary restraint on the relationship between package unit size and food intake.
- Determine the effect of weight status on the relationship between package unit size and food intake.
- Determine the combined effect of weight status and dietary restraint on the relationship between package unit size and food intake.
연구 유형
중재적
등록 (실제)
64
단계
- 해당 없음
연락처 및 위치
이 섹션에서는 연구를 수행하는 사람들의 연락처 정보와 이 연구가 수행되는 장소에 대한 정보를 제공합니다.
연구 장소
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Tennessee
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Knoxville, Tennessee, 미국, 37996
- Healthy Eating and Activity Laboratory
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참여기준
연구원은 적격성 기준이라는 특정 설명에 맞는 사람을 찾습니다. 이러한 기준의 몇 가지 예는 개인의 일반적인 건강 상태 또는 이전 치료입니다.
자격 기준
공부할 수 있는 나이
18년 (성인)
건강한 자원 봉사자를 받아들입니다
아니
연구 대상 성별
모두
설명
Inclusion Criteria:
- Male and females aged 18-35 years old.
Body Mass Index (BMI) between 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 or BMI between 25-39.9 kg/m2.
- For normal weight groups: BMI of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2.
- For overweight groups: BMI of 25-39.9 kg/m2.
Dietary restraint scores of either less than or equal to 12 or > 12 on the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-Cognitive Restraint scale (TFEQ-R) [10].
- For unrestrained groups: less than or equal to 12.
- For restrained groups: > 12.
- Do not have unfavorable preference toward pretzels.
- Do not have allergies to pretzel ingredients.
- Do not have a health condition or use medication that affects eating or requires a therapeutic diet.
- Must have a consistent schedule during the time of the study.
- Must agree to instructions to not share pretzel snack packages with others.
Exclusion Criteria:
- BMI below 18.5 or above 39.9 kg/m2.
- Have an unfavorable preference toward pretzels.
Have allergies to pretzel ingredients (wheat flour).
- Severe allergies to nuts - Synder's of Hanover pretzels are made in a facility that handles peanut butter.
- Are unwilling to consume pretzels during the time of the study.
- Are pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Do not meet one or more of the other above mentioned eligibility requirements.
공부 계획
이 섹션에서는 연구 설계 방법과 연구가 측정하는 내용을 포함하여 연구 계획에 대한 세부 정보를 제공합니다.
연구는 어떻게 설계됩니까?
디자인 세부사항
- 주 목적: 기초 과학
- 할당: 무작위
- 중재 모델: 요인 할당
- 마스킹: 없음(오픈 라벨)
무기와 개입
참가자 그룹 / 팔 |
개입 / 치료 |
|---|---|
|
활성 비교기: Normal Weight, Unrestrained - Standard
Each participant is of normal weight (BMI: 18.5-24.9
kg/m2) and is classified as an unrestrained eater (scoring less than or equal to 12 on the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire - Cognitive Restraint Scale).
|
Participants will receive a box of two, 10-oz.
packages of pretzels.
Participants will receive the box of pretzels in the lab on a Thursday or Friday and will take the box of pretzels home for a period of four days.
Participants will bring back the box of pretzels to the lab on the following Monday or Tuesday (depending on the day of the initial receipt of pretzels).
|
|
활성 비교기: Normal Weight, Restrained - Single Serving
Each participant is of normal weight (BMI: 18.5-24.9
kg/m2) and is classified as a restrained eater (scoring greater than 12 on the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire - Cognitive Restraint Scale).
|
Participants will receive a box of twenty-two, 0.9-oz.
packages of pretzels.
Participants will receive the box of pretzels in the lab on a Thursday or Friday and will take the box of pretzels home for a period of four days.
Participants will bring back the box of pretzels to the lab on the following Monday or Tuesday (depending on the day of the initial receipt of pretzels).
|
|
활성 비교기: Normal Weight, Restrained - Standard
Each participant is of normal weight (BMI: 18.5-24.9
kg/m2) and is classified as a restrained eater (scoring greater than 12 on the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire - Cognitive Restraint Scale).
|
Participants will receive a box of two, 10-oz.
packages of pretzels.
Participants will receive the box of pretzels in the lab on a Thursday or Friday and will take the box of pretzels home for a period of four days.
Participants will bring back the box of pretzels to the lab on the following Monday or Tuesday (depending on the day of the initial receipt of pretzels).
|
|
활성 비교기: Overweight, Unrestrained - Single Serving
Each participant is overweight (BMI: 25-39.9
kg/m2) and is classified as an unrestrained eater (scoring less than or equal to 12 on the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire - Cognitive Restraint Scale).
|
Participants will receive a box of twenty-two, 0.9-oz.
packages of pretzels.
Participants will receive the box of pretzels in the lab on a Thursday or Friday and will take the box of pretzels home for a period of four days.
Participants will bring back the box of pretzels to the lab on the following Monday or Tuesday (depending on the day of the initial receipt of pretzels).
|
|
활성 비교기: Overweight, Unrestrained - Standard
Each participant is overweight (BMI: 25-39.9
kg/m2) and is classified as an unrestrained eater (scoring less than or equal to 12 on the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire - Cognitive Restraint Scale).
|
Participants will receive a box of two, 10-oz.
packages of pretzels.
Participants will receive the box of pretzels in the lab on a Thursday or Friday and will take the box of pretzels home for a period of four days.
Participants will bring back the box of pretzels to the lab on the following Monday or Tuesday (depending on the day of the initial receipt of pretzels).
|
|
활성 비교기: Overweight, Restrained - Single Serving
Each participant is overweight (BMI: 25-39.9
kg/m2) and is classified as a restrained eater (scoring greater than 12 on the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire - Cognitive Restraint Scale).
|
Participants will receive a box of twenty-two, 0.9-oz.
packages of pretzels.
Participants will receive the box of pretzels in the lab on a Thursday or Friday and will take the box of pretzels home for a period of four days.
Participants will bring back the box of pretzels to the lab on the following Monday or Tuesday (depending on the day of the initial receipt of pretzels).
|
|
활성 비교기: Overweight, Restrained - Standard
Each participant is overweight (BMI: 25-39.9
kg/m2) and is classified as a restrained eater (scoring greater than 12 on the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire - Cognitive Restraint Scale).
|
Participants will receive a box of two, 10-oz.
packages of pretzels.
Participants will receive the box of pretzels in the lab on a Thursday or Friday and will take the box of pretzels home for a period of four days.
Participants will bring back the box of pretzels to the lab on the following Monday or Tuesday (depending on the day of the initial receipt of pretzels).
|
|
활성 비교기: Normal Weight, Unrestrained - Single Serving
Each participant is of normal weight (BMI: 18.5-24.9
kg/m2) and is classified as an unrestrained eater (scoring less than or equal to 12 on the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire - Cognitive Restraint Scale).
|
Participants will receive a box of twenty-two, 0.9-oz.
packages of pretzels.
Participants will receive the box of pretzels in the lab on a Thursday or Friday and will take the box of pretzels home for a period of four days.
Participants will bring back the box of pretzels to the lab on the following Monday or Tuesday (depending on the day of the initial receipt of pretzels).
|
연구는 무엇을 측정합니까?
주요 결과 측정
결과 측정 |
측정값 설명 |
기간 |
|---|---|---|
|
Total grams of pretzels consumed.
기간: 4 days
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Total grams of pretzels consumed by participants over the 4-day study period will be determined by subtracting pre- and post-consumption weight of snack packages provided.
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4 days
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공동 작업자 및 조사자
여기에서 이 연구와 관련된 사람과 조직을 찾을 수 있습니다.
수사관
- 수석 연구원: Hollie A Raynor, Ph.D., University of Tennessee, Knoxville
- 수석 연구원: Chrystal L Haire, B.S., University of Tennessee, Knoxville
간행물 및 유용한 링크
연구에 대한 정보 입력을 담당하는 사람이 자발적으로 이러한 간행물을 제공합니다. 이것은 연구와 관련된 모든 것에 관한 것일 수 있습니다.
일반 간행물
- Stunkard AJ, Messick S. The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. J Psychosom Res. 1985;29(1):71-83. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(85)90010-8.
- Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA. 2010 Jan 20;303(3):235-41. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.2014. Epub 2010 Jan 13.
- French SA, Story M, Jeffery RW. Environmental influences on eating and physical activity. Annu Rev Public Health. 2001;22:309-35. doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.22.1.309.
- Wansink B. Environmental factors that increase the food intake and consumption volume of unknowing consumers. Annu Rev Nutr. 2004;24:455-79. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132140.
- Raynor HA, Wing RR. Package unit size and amount of food: do both influence intake? Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007 Sep;15(9):2311-9. doi: 10.1038/oby.2007.274.
- Stroebele N, Ogden LG, Hill JO. Do calorie-controlled portion sizes of snacks reduce energy intake? Appetite. 2009 Jun;52(3):793-796. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2009.02.015. Epub 2009 Mar 6.
- Devitt AA, Mattes RD. Effects of food unit size and energy density on intake in humans. Appetite. 2004 Apr;42(2):213-20. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2003.10.003.
- Raynor HA, Van Walleghen EL, Niemeier H, Butryn ML, Wing RR. Do food provisions packaged in single-servings reduce energy intake at breakfast during a brief behavioral weight-loss intervention? J Am Diet Assoc. 2009 Nov;109(11):1922-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.08.009.
- Freedman MR, Brochado C. Reducing portion size reduces food intake and plate waste. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Sep;18(9):1864-6. doi: 10.1038/oby.2009.480. Epub 2009 Dec 24.
- Wansink B, Payne CR, Shimizu M. The 100-calorie semi-solution: sub-packaging most reduces intake among the heaviest. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011 May;19(5):1098-100. doi: 10.1038/oby.2010.306. Epub 2011 Jan 13.
연구 기록 날짜
이 날짜는 ClinicalTrials.gov에 대한 연구 기록 및 요약 결과 제출의 진행 상황을 추적합니다. 연구 기록 및 보고된 결과는 공개 웹사이트에 게시되기 전에 특정 품질 관리 기준을 충족하는지 확인하기 위해 국립 의학 도서관(NLM)에서 검토합니다.
연구 주요 날짜
연구 시작
2011년 6월 1일
기본 완료 (실제)
2011년 10월 1일
연구 완료 (실제)
2011년 10월 1일
연구 등록 날짜
최초 제출
2011년 6월 25일
QC 기준을 충족하는 최초 제출
2011년 6월 27일
처음 게시됨 (추정)
2011년 6월 29일
연구 기록 업데이트
마지막 업데이트 게시됨 (실제)
2018년 4월 5일
QC 기준을 충족하는 마지막 업데이트 제출
2018년 4월 3일
마지막으로 확인됨
2018년 4월 1일
추가 정보
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