PET/CT of Skeletal Muscle Amino Acid Kinetics

On 2 separate visits, with approximately 2 weeks in between visits. For each visit the volunteer will be required to fast overnight (no food or drink for 10 hours prior to arrival at UCSF (water is OK)).

Visit 1 will last approximately 5-6 hours. Visit 2 will last approximately 8 hours. Each visit will include the same general procedures, with the second visit varying slightly from the first (described below). Including the 10-hour overnight fast, both visits will entail roughly 15 hours of continuous fasting. After completion of Visit 1, snacks and drinks will be available. For Visit 2, the volunteer will have a protein drink roughly 4-5 hours into the visit, and snacks and drinks will be made available when the visit is over.

After checking in, the volunteer will be admitted to the Imaging Suite. i) Catheters At the beginning of each visit, a nurse will place two flexible plastic catheters in veins in the forearms. The catheters will be used to collect blood samples to measure changes in hormone and amino acid levels. They will stay in place for 5 hours. One of the catheters will also be used to infuse stable isotopes.

ii) Stable Isotopes Stable isotopes of amino acids are naturally occurring and are not radioactive. Stable isotopes are very similar to regular amino acids, except that they are a slightly heavier form (e.g., "heavy water" is a stable isotope of regular water). Stable isotopes are already present in very small quantities in your body. For 5 hours (6am - 11am), we will infuse stable isotopes into a forearm vein to increase the naturally occurring level by 7-10%. We will later be able to measure this change using highly sophisticated instruments. This will allow us to calculate the rate at which body builds muscle.

iii) Muscle Biopsies During each of the visits, we will have either 2 or 3 muscle biopsy samples taken directly from 2 small incisions in the muscle of the thigh. On visit 1, we will have biopsies at 2 time points and on visit 2 there will be 3 biopsies. The muscle biopsy procedure involves the taking of a small piece of muscle tissue from the outside of the upper leg, about 4-6 inches above the knee. The skin is cleaned and injected with local anesthetic (lidocaine, a numbing medicine) to minimize any pain. A small incision about 1 cm will be made in the skin, through which a needle about 0.8 cm is advanced into the muscle. A piece of the muscle is then removed with the needle, the skin is closed with a special medical glue or suture, a dressing is applied and pressure on the biopsy site held for about 10 minutes to stop any bleeding that might occur. The leg is then wrapped in an ACE bandage to prevent any bleeding that might occur.

iv) PET/CT Scan In between the biopsies, the volunteer will be injected into a vein with a dose (12.5 millicurie) of L-[methyl-11C]methionine (11C-MET) to begin the PET/CT imaging. Like the stable isotope talked about in section "ii" above, methionine is a naturally occurring amino acid in the body. However, the form of methionine is radioactive (this allows the scanner to detect its presence in your body). The PET/CT will take detailed pictures of the flow of 11C-MET into the muscles of the legs, which will provide information about new muscle protein being formed. The volunteer will need to lie still on a table with the thighs inside the machine. The table will move and the machine will make clicking and whirring noises as the pictures are taken. It will take about 90 minutes to gather the scan data.

v) Ingestion of protein drink Towards the middle of the 2nd visit, the volunteer will be asked to drink approximately 8 fluid ounces of a drink that contains 15 grams of protein.