Comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Different Methods in Reducing Pain and Anxiety
2026年5月23日 更新者：Celal Bayar University
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Different Methods in Reducing Pain and Anxiety During Blood Collection: Breathing Exercises and Stress Ball
Aim: This study was conducted to determine the effect of distraction techniques (breathing exercises and stress ball squeezing) applied to adults during blood collection on pain and anxiety.
Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 90 patients who applied for admission to the Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Department of Turgutlu State Hospital between March 2025 and February 2026, comprising 30 breathing exercise, 30 stress ball, and 30 control groups.
Data collection utilised the 'Demographic Characteristics Form', the 'State Anxiety Scale' and the 'Visual Anxiety Scale', the 'Visual Pain Scale'the 'Life Findings Form' to record life and the 'Informed Consent Form' were used .
Descriptive statistical methods (number, percentage, median, mean, standard deviation), chi-square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal- Wallis, Wilcoxon, Bonferroni and Friedman were used when evaluating the data.
研究概览
详细说明
Inclusion Criteria for the Study Individuals who are 18-65 years of age, have no verbal, perceptual, or visual communication problems, have person-place-time orientation, have an average pressure pain threshold of 8-16 pounds (Lb), have not used any medication that would produce an analgesic effect in the last 6 hours before blood sampling, do not have chronic or acute pain, do not have a disease that would impair their ability to feel pain (such as neuropathy), are on their first day of hospitalization, and are willing to participate in the study were included.
Exclusion Criteria Individuals who cannot have IV procedures performed on their forearm veins, have a diagnosis of stroke from cerebrovascular diseases (CVD), cannot actively use their hands (hemiplegia, fracture, fistula, etc.), have respiratory tract disease, have a condition that prevents them from performing breathing exercises, and have never had blood drawn before were not included in the study.
研究类型
介入性
注册 (实际的)
90
阶段
- 不适用
联系人和位置
本节提供了进行研究的人员的详细联系信息，以及有关进行该研究的地点的信息。
学习地点
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Yunusemre
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Manisa、Yunusemre、土耳其（türkiye）、45140
- Kıvan ÇEVİK KAYA
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参与标准
研究人员寻找符合特定描述的人，称为资格标准。这些标准的一些例子是一个人的一般健康状况或先前的治疗。
资格标准
适合学习的年龄
- 成人
- 年长者
接受健康志愿者
不
描述
Inclusion Criteria:
- Individuals with no communication difficulties in terms of verbal, sensory, or visual aspects,
- who are oriented to person, time, and place,
- with an average pressure pain threshold of 8-16 pounds (lb),
- who have not taken any medication that would produce an analgesic effect within the
- last 6 hours prior to the blood draw,
- who do not have chronic or acute pain,
- who do not have a condition that would impair their ability to feel pain (such as neuropathy),
- who are on the first day of their hospital admission,
- who are willing to participate in the study
Exclusion Criteria:
- Individuals who cannot undergo IV procedures in their forearm veins,
- who have been diagnosed with stroke due to cerebrovascular disease (CVD),
- who cannot actively use their hands (e.g., due to hemiplegia, fractures, or fistulas) for the breathing exercises group;
- individuals with respiratory diseases,
- those with conditions preventing them from performing breathing exercises,
- individuals who have never had blood drawn before
学习计划
本节提供研究计划的详细信息，包括研究的设计方式和研究的衡量标准。
研究是如何设计的？
设计细节
- 主要用途：支持治疗
- 分配：随机化
- 介入模型：并行分配
- 屏蔽：单身的
武器和干预
参与者组/臂 |
干预/治疗 |
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无干预：控制
无干预
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实验性的：Stress ball
Stress balls were provided to the individuals in this group during routine venous blood draws.
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The stress ball, made of soft plastic and designed to be held comfortably in the hand, can be squeezed and released to return to its original shape; it measures 8-10 cm in diameter and has a smooth surface.
The stress ball was given to the participant's hand on the side opposite the blood draw site, and they were instructed to squeeze and release it throughout the procedure.
A separate stress ball was used for each participant.
Information was provided about the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) to be used to measure pain levels during the blood draw, and the researcher asked about pain levels and anxiety levels during the procedure.
After the blood draw was completed, participants were asked to complete the Vital Signs Form, the State Anxiety Scale, the Visual Anxiety Scale, and the Visual Pain Scale again.
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实验性的：Breathing exercise
Breathing exercises were started before the blood draw began, and participants continued the breathing exercises during the blood draw; the breathing exercises were concluded at the end of the procedure.
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After individuals were taught breathing exercises, they were asked to begin the breathing exercises before the blood draw began.
The individuals continued the breathing exercises during the blood draw, and the breathing exercises were stopped at the end of the procedure.
Information was provided regarding the VAS to be used to measure pain levels during the blood draw, and the researcher asked about pain levels and anxiety levels during the procedure.
After the blood draw was completed, participants were asked to complete the Vital Signs Form, the State Anxiety Scale, the Visual Anxiety Scale, and the Visual Pain Scale again.
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研究衡量的是什么？
主要结果指标
结果测量 |
措施说明 |
大体时间 |
|---|---|---|
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Anxiety
大体时间：day 1
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Anxiety of patient was assessed with State Anxiety Scale.
The scale consists of 20 items and is a 4-point Likert-type scale (1 = "not at all," 2 = "somewhat," 3 = "very," 4 = "completely").
The individual is asked to assess how they feel "right now" and select the appropriate response based on the intensity of the emotions or behaviors described in the items.
The total score on the State Anxiety Scale ranges from 20 to 80.
The score categories are as follows: 0-19 points: no anxiety; 20-39 points: mild anxiety; 40-59 points: moderate anxiety; 60-79 points: severe anxiety; 80 points: panic.
Items 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, and 20 on the scale are reversed and used in the scoring.
Higher scores indicate a higher level of anxiety, while lower scores indicate a lower level of anxiety.
As scores increase, the level of anxiety also rises.
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day 1
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Acute Pain
大体时间：day 1
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Pain of patient was assessed with Visual Analogue Scale.
The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) may be preferred as an alternative to the Numerical Rating Scale.
It is a 10-cm-long vertical or horizontal line with "No pain" written at one end and "Unbearable pain" at the other, used to measure the intensity of acute pain.
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day 1
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次要结果测量
结果测量 |
措施说明 |
大体时间 |
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blood pressure
大体时间：Day 1
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Physiologically, pain can lead to tachycardia, increased cardiac output, improved myocardial oxygenation, hypoxia, reduced lung ventilation, nausea, vomiting, and other such issues; psychologically, it can result in increased anxiety and stress levels, behavioral disorders, and sleep problems.
This form was developed to record vital signs-including pulse, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation-measured in patients both before and immediately after the procedure.
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Day 1
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Pulse
大体时间：Day 1
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Physiologically, pain can lead to tachycardia, increased cardiac output, improved myocardial oxygenation, hypoxia, reduced lung ventilation, nausea, vomiting, and other such issues; psychologically, it can result in increased anxiety and stress levels, behavioral disorders, and sleep problems.
This form was developed to record vital signs-including pulse, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation-measured in patients both before and immediately after the procedure.
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Day 1
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oxygen saturation
大体时间：Day 1
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Physiologically, pain can lead to tachycardia, increased cardiac output, improved myocardial oxygenation, hypoxia, reduced lung ventilation, nausea, vomiting, and other such issues; psychologically, it can result in increased anxiety and stress levels, behavioral disorders, and sleep problems.
This form was developed to record vital signs-including pulse, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation-measured in patients both before and immediately after the procedure.
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Day 1
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合作者和调查者
在这里您可以找到参与这项研究的人员和组织。
研究记录日期
这些日期跟踪向 ClinicalTrials.gov 提交研究记录和摘要结果的进度。研究记录和报告的结果由国家医学图书馆 (NLM) 审查，以确保它们在发布到公共网站之前符合特定的质量控制标准。
研究主要日期
学习开始 (实际的)
2025年3月1日
初级完成 (实际的)
2025年3月30日
研究完成 (实际的)
2026年2月28日
研究注册日期
首次提交
2026年3月23日
首先提交符合 QC 标准的
2026年5月23日
首次发布 (实际的)
2026年6月1日
研究记录更新
最后更新发布 (实际的)
2026年6月1日
上次提交的符合 QC 标准的更新
2026年5月23日
最后验证
2026年5月1日
更多信息
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