Comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Different Methods in Reducing Pain and Anxiety
23 de mayo de 2026 actualizado por: Celal Bayar University
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Different Methods in Reducing Pain and Anxiety During Blood Collection: Breathing Exercises and Stress Ball
Aim: This study was conducted to determine the effect of distraction techniques (breathing exercises and stress ball squeezing) applied to adults during blood collection on pain and anxiety.
Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 90 patients who applied for admission to the Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Department of Turgutlu State Hospital between March 2025 and February 2026, comprising 30 breathing exercise, 30 stress ball, and 30 control groups.
Data collection utilised the 'Demographic Characteristics Form', the 'State Anxiety Scale' and the 'Visual Anxiety Scale', the 'Visual Pain Scale'the 'Life Findings Form' to record life and the 'Informed Consent Form' were used .
Descriptive statistical methods (number, percentage, median, mean, standard deviation), chi-square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal- Wallis, Wilcoxon, Bonferroni and Friedman were used when evaluating the data.
Descripción general del estudio
Estado
Terminado
Condiciones
Intervención / Tratamiento
Descripción detallada
Inclusion Criteria for the Study Individuals who are 18-65 years of age, have no verbal, perceptual, or visual communication problems, have person-place-time orientation, have an average pressure pain threshold of 8-16 pounds (Lb), have not used any medication that would produce an analgesic effect in the last 6 hours before blood sampling, do not have chronic or acute pain, do not have a disease that would impair their ability to feel pain (such as neuropathy), are on their first day of hospitalization, and are willing to participate in the study were included.
Exclusion Criteria Individuals who cannot have IV procedures performed on their forearm veins, have a diagnosis of stroke from cerebrovascular diseases (CVD), cannot actively use their hands (hemiplegia, fracture, fistula, etc.), have respiratory tract disease, have a condition that prevents them from performing breathing exercises, and have never had blood drawn before were not included in the study.
Tipo de estudio
Intervencionista
Inscripción (Actual)
90
Fase
- No aplica
Contactos y Ubicaciones
Esta sección proporciona los datos de contacto de quienes realizan el estudio e información sobre dónde se lleva a cabo este estudio.
Ubicaciones de estudio
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Yunusemre
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Manisa, Yunusemre, Turquía (Türkiye), 45140
- Kıvan ÇEVİK KAYA
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Criterios de participación
Los investigadores buscan personas que se ajusten a una determinada descripción, denominada criterio de elegibilidad. Algunos ejemplos de estos criterios son el estado de salud general de una persona o tratamientos previos.
Criterio de elegibilidad
Edades elegibles para estudiar
- Adulto
- Adulto Mayor
Acepta Voluntarios Saludables
No
Descripción
Inclusion Criteria:
- Individuals with no communication difficulties in terms of verbal, sensory, or visual aspects,
- who are oriented to person, time, and place,
- with an average pressure pain threshold of 8-16 pounds (lb),
- who have not taken any medication that would produce an analgesic effect within the
- last 6 hours prior to the blood draw,
- who do not have chronic or acute pain,
- who do not have a condition that would impair their ability to feel pain (such as neuropathy),
- who are on the first day of their hospital admission,
- who are willing to participate in the study
Exclusion Criteria:
- Individuals who cannot undergo IV procedures in their forearm veins,
- who have been diagnosed with stroke due to cerebrovascular disease (CVD),
- who cannot actively use their hands (e.g., due to hemiplegia, fractures, or fistulas) for the breathing exercises group;
- individuals with respiratory diseases,
- those with conditions preventing them from performing breathing exercises,
- individuals who have never had blood drawn before
Plan de estudios
Esta sección proporciona detalles del plan de estudio, incluido cómo está diseñado el estudio y qué mide el estudio.
¿Cómo está diseñado el estudio?
Detalles de diseño
- Propósito principal: Cuidados de apoyo
- Asignación: Aleatorizado
- Modelo Intervencionista: Asignación paralela
- Enmascaramiento: Único
Armas e Intervenciones
Grupo de participantes/brazo |
Intervención / Tratamiento |
|---|---|
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Sin intervención: Control
Sin intervención
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Experimental: Stress ball
Stress balls were provided to the individuals in this group during routine venous blood draws.
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The stress ball, made of soft plastic and designed to be held comfortably in the hand, can be squeezed and released to return to its original shape; it measures 8-10 cm in diameter and has a smooth surface.
The stress ball was given to the participant's hand on the side opposite the blood draw site, and they were instructed to squeeze and release it throughout the procedure.
A separate stress ball was used for each participant.
Information was provided about the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) to be used to measure pain levels during the blood draw, and the researcher asked about pain levels and anxiety levels during the procedure.
After the blood draw was completed, participants were asked to complete the Vital Signs Form, the State Anxiety Scale, the Visual Anxiety Scale, and the Visual Pain Scale again.
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Experimental: Breathing exercise
Breathing exercises were started before the blood draw began, and participants continued the breathing exercises during the blood draw; the breathing exercises were concluded at the end of the procedure.
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After individuals were taught breathing exercises, they were asked to begin the breathing exercises before the blood draw began.
The individuals continued the breathing exercises during the blood draw, and the breathing exercises were stopped at the end of the procedure.
Information was provided regarding the VAS to be used to measure pain levels during the blood draw, and the researcher asked about pain levels and anxiety levels during the procedure.
After the blood draw was completed, participants were asked to complete the Vital Signs Form, the State Anxiety Scale, the Visual Anxiety Scale, and the Visual Pain Scale again.
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¿Qué mide el estudio?
Medidas de resultado primarias
Medida de resultado |
Medida Descripción |
Periodo de tiempo |
|---|---|---|
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Anxiety
Periodo de tiempo: day 1
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Anxiety of patient was assessed with State Anxiety Scale.
The scale consists of 20 items and is a 4-point Likert-type scale (1 = "not at all," 2 = "somewhat," 3 = "very," 4 = "completely").
The individual is asked to assess how they feel "right now" and select the appropriate response based on the intensity of the emotions or behaviors described in the items.
The total score on the State Anxiety Scale ranges from 20 to 80.
The score categories are as follows: 0-19 points: no anxiety; 20-39 points: mild anxiety; 40-59 points: moderate anxiety; 60-79 points: severe anxiety; 80 points: panic.
Items 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, and 20 on the scale are reversed and used in the scoring.
Higher scores indicate a higher level of anxiety, while lower scores indicate a lower level of anxiety.
As scores increase, the level of anxiety also rises.
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day 1
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Acute Pain
Periodo de tiempo: day 1
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Pain of patient was assessed with Visual Analogue Scale.
The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) may be preferred as an alternative to the Numerical Rating Scale.
It is a 10-cm-long vertical or horizontal line with "No pain" written at one end and "Unbearable pain" at the other, used to measure the intensity of acute pain.
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day 1
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Medidas de resultado secundarias
Medida de resultado |
Medida Descripción |
Periodo de tiempo |
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blood pressure
Periodo de tiempo: Day 1
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Physiologically, pain can lead to tachycardia, increased cardiac output, improved myocardial oxygenation, hypoxia, reduced lung ventilation, nausea, vomiting, and other such issues; psychologically, it can result in increased anxiety and stress levels, behavioral disorders, and sleep problems.
This form was developed to record vital signs-including pulse, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation-measured in patients both before and immediately after the procedure.
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Day 1
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Pulse
Periodo de tiempo: Day 1
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Physiologically, pain can lead to tachycardia, increased cardiac output, improved myocardial oxygenation, hypoxia, reduced lung ventilation, nausea, vomiting, and other such issues; psychologically, it can result in increased anxiety and stress levels, behavioral disorders, and sleep problems.
This form was developed to record vital signs-including pulse, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation-measured in patients both before and immediately after the procedure.
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Day 1
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oxygen saturation
Periodo de tiempo: Day 1
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Physiologically, pain can lead to tachycardia, increased cardiac output, improved myocardial oxygenation, hypoxia, reduced lung ventilation, nausea, vomiting, and other such issues; psychologically, it can result in increased anxiety and stress levels, behavioral disorders, and sleep problems.
This form was developed to record vital signs-including pulse, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation-measured in patients both before and immediately after the procedure.
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Day 1
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Colaboradores e Investigadores
Aquí es donde encontrará personas y organizaciones involucradas en este estudio.
Patrocinador
Fechas de registro del estudio
Estas fechas rastrean el progreso del registro del estudio y los envíos de resultados resumidos a ClinicalTrials.gov. Los registros del estudio y los resultados informados son revisados por la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina (NLM) para asegurarse de que cumplan con los estándares de control de calidad específicos antes de publicarlos en el sitio web público.
Fechas importantes del estudio
Inicio del estudio (Actual)
1 de marzo de 2025
Finalización primaria (Actual)
30 de marzo de 2025
Finalización del estudio (Actual)
28 de febrero de 2026
Fechas de registro del estudio
Enviado por primera vez
23 de marzo de 2026
Primero enviado que cumplió con los criterios de control de calidad
23 de mayo de 2026
Publicado por primera vez (Actual)
1 de junio de 2026
Actualizaciones de registros de estudio
Última actualización publicada (Actual)
1 de junio de 2026
Última actualización enviada que cumplió con los criterios de control de calidad
23 de mayo de 2026
Última verificación
1 de mayo de 2026
Más información
Términos relacionados con este estudio
Palabras clave
Términos MeSH relevantes adicionales
- Manifestaciones neurológicas
- Desordenes mentales
- Condiciones Patológicas, Signos y Síntomas
- Signos y síntomas
- Dolor
- Desórdenes de ansiedad
- Dolor agudo
- Terapéutica
- Terapias de la mente-cuerpo
- Terapias complementarias
- Técnicas de movimiento del ejercicio
- Modalidades de fisioterapia
- Ejercicios de respiración
Otros números de identificación del estudio
- MCBU-K-CEVIK-005
Plan de datos de participantes individuales (IPD)
¿Planea compartir datos de participantes individuales (IPD)?
NO
Información sobre medicamentos y dispositivos, documentos del estudio
Estudia un producto farmacéutico regulado por la FDA de EE. UU.
No
Estudia un producto de dispositivo regulado por la FDA de EE. UU.
No
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