National Survey of Lead and Allergen Hazards in Housing

National Survey of Lead Hazards and Allergens in Housing

We propose to conduct a scientifically valid, descriptive survey to measure the prevalence and levels of lead in dust, soil, and paint, and the prevalence and levels of various indoor allergens in floor and bedding dust in the nation's housing stock. The survey strategy is a population-based, multi-stage area probability sample designed to represent all 50 states. The survey will include approximately 1000 homes in at least 100 primary sampling units (PSU, a metropolitan area or cluster of counties). Residents of candidate participant housing units (HUs) will initially be contacted by a letter to introduce and provide a brief explanation of the study. A field interviewer will then visit each candidate HU to screen and recruit eligible units into the study. A short Screening Questionnaire will be administered to an adult HU resident and an invitation will be extended to those HUs that are eligible to participate in the study. A field data collection visit will be scheduled for the following week, at the resident's convenience. The collection visit will be conducted by two member team (including the same field interviewer that will conduct the screening/recruiting visit) and will consist of administration of an informed consent form and Data Collection Questionnaire, completion of home observation forms, collection of interior dust and exterior soil samples, and conduct of nondestructive paint lead analysis on both interior and exterior walls. Soil and dust samples will be shipped to analytical laboratories for lead and allergen analysis. Extensive survey design, procedure, and reporting details are provided in the National Survey Lead Hazards and Allergens in Housing: Protocol and Sample Design Report (Attachment A). It is anticipated that this study will provide allergen-specific data regarding: 1) housing conditions, demographic factors, and climate to facilitate evaluation of regional, ethnic, socioeconomic, and housing characteristic differences in the indoor allergen burden; 2) an estimate of indoor allergen exposure in the U.S. population; 3) baseline data that can be used to stimulate future studies which attempt to correlate allergen exposure to disease outcome. The study will yield lead hazard data to: 1) estimate the number and percent of homes with dust and soil lead levels above selected thresholds; 2) identify sources of lead in dust in housing; 3) permit future analysis of lead hazard control strategies an costs, including associated policy and regulatory guidelines.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Asthma; Allergy

Detailed Description

We propose to conduct a scientifically valid, descriptive survey to measure the prevalence and levels of lead in dust, soil, and paint, and the prevalence and levels of various indoor allergens in floor and bedding dust in the nation's housing stock. The survey strategy is a population-based, multi-stage area probability sample designed to represent all 50 states. The survey will include approximately 1000 homes in at least 100 primary sampling units (PSU, a metropolitan area or cluster of counties). Residents of candidate participant housing units (HUs) will initially be contacted by a letter to introduce and provide a brief explanation of the study. A field interviewer will then visit each candidate HU to screen and recruit eligible units into the study. A short Screening Questionnaire will be administered to an adult HU resident and an invitation will be extended to those HUs that are eligible to participate in the study. A field data collection visit will be scheduled for the following week, at the resident's convenience. The collection visit will be conducted by a two member team (including the same field interviewer that will conduct the screening/recruiting visit) and will consist of administration of an informed consent form and Data Collection Questionnaire, completion of home observation forms, collection of interior dust and exterior soil samples, and conduct of nondestructive paint lead analyses on both interior and exterior walls. Soil and dust samples will be shipped to analytical laboratories for lead and allergen analysis. Extensive survey design, procedure, and reporting details are provided in the National Survey Lead Hazards and Allergens in Housing: Protocol and Sample Design Report. It is anticipated that this study will provide allergen-specific data regarding: 1) housing conditions, demographic factors, and climate to facilitate evaluation of regional, ethnic, socioeconomic, and housing characteristic differences in the indoor allergen burden; 2) an estimate of indoor allergen exposure in the U.S. population; 3) baseline data that can be used as a reference point for future allergen surveys; and 4) a database that can be used to stimulate future studies which attempt to correlate allergen exposure to disease outcome. The study will yield lead hazard data to: 1) estimate the number and percent of homes with dust and soil lead levels above selected thresholds; 2) identify sources of lead in dust in housing; 3) permit future analysis of lead hazard control strategies and costs, including associated policy and regulatory guidelines.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 831

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • North Carolina
    • Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States, 27709
      • NIEHS, Research Triangle Park

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 65 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

• Sampling Method: Probability Sample

Study Population

A nationally representative sample of 831 housing units, inhabited by 2,456 individuals, within 75 different locations throughout the US was surveyed.

Description

• INCLUSION CRITERIA:

The target population for the Survey is the national housing stock of approximately 95 million housing units.

The decision to include or exclude a subset is usually based on such factors as relevancy to the study objectives, availability of data from other sources, and effort required to obtain the study data.

None of the possible housing type exclusion or oversampling proposals are based upon gender, race, ethnic, cultural, or biological factors.

Housing built after 1977.

Housing units in multi-family buildings.

Manufactured housing units, i.e., mobile homes and trailers.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

Housing where children are not permitted to live (elderly housing, nursing homes, college dormitories, etc.).

Group housing - both institutional (prisons or jails, detention centers, hospitals, military housing, etc.) and non-institutional (dormitories, fraternities, orphanages, rooming houses, missions, work camps, convents, etc.).

Vacant housing.

Short-term housing. This category includes homes which are not the resident's sole or permanent home, and which the resident present at the time of field data collection spends less than three months per year. This includes seasonal, occasional use, recreational, and second homes, as well as homes for migrant workers.

Hotels and motels.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Number of groups / cohorts

1

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort
National Housing Stock; The target population of this study was the national housing stock (1998-1999) ofapproximately 95 million housing units.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Concentrations of indoor allergens and lead	The primary outcomes included concentrations of common indoor allergens (dust mite, cat, dog, cockroach, mouse, and Alternaria) in household dust and lead levels in paint, household dust, and soil in the nation's housing.	Cross-sectional assessment during the field visit

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Needleman HL, Gatsonis CA. Low-level lead exposure and the IQ of children. A meta-analysis of modern studies. JAMA. 1990 Feb 2;263(5):673-8.
• Pocock SJ, Smith M, Baghurst P. Environmental lead and children's intelligence: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. BMJ. 1994 Nov 5;309(6963):1189-97. doi: 10.1136/bmj.309.6963.1189.
• Pollart SM, Mullins DE, Vailes LD, Hayden ML, Platts-Mills TA, Sutherland WM, Chapman MD. Identification, quantitation, and purification of cockroach allergens using monoclonal antibodies. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1991 Feb;87(2):511-21. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(91)90010-l.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): June 30, 1998
• Primary Completion (Actual): August 31, 1999
• Study Completion (Actual): August 31, 1999

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 19, 2006
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 19, 2006
• First Posted (Estimate): June 21, 2006

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): October 8, 2020
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 7, 2020
• Last Verified: October 1, 2020

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Asthma; Allergy; Exposure; Home; Indoor
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Immune System Diseases; Hypersensitivity
• Other Study ID Numbers: 999998033; OH98-E-N033