Study of Health Effects of Cosmetic Breast Augmentation

July 13, 2020 updated by: National Cancer Institute (NCI)

Extended Mortality Follow-Up of Women With Augmentation Mammoplasty

This study will examine long-term health effects of cosmetic breast augmentation (enlargement) with silicone gel breast implants. There has been concern for some time about the possible effects of breast implants on the immune system particularly regarding the development of certain connective tissue disorders and on the possibility that implants may interfere with the ability to detect breast cancers. More recently, concerns have been raised regarding the possible cancer-causing effect of the implants themselves. These concerns were heightened by reports that the polyurethane foam coating that envelops the silicone gel in some implants may dissolve and produce a chemical called 2,4,-diamino toluene (TDA), which has been linked to an increased risk of breast and other cancers in rats and mice.

To address this issue, this study will gather information from the medical records and a questionnaire survey of approximately 12,000 breast implant patients. The questionnaire will request information on perceived complications of the implants; history of breast examinations and mammograms; frequency of breast self examination; development of diseases (particularly cancers and connective tissue disorders) developed subsequent to the augmentation surgery; potential risk factors for these diseases, such as age at menarche (onset of menstruation), age at first birth, age and type of menopause (natural or due to surgery); history of breast biopsies; immune system and connective tissue disorders; cigarette smoking; alcohol consumption; family medical history, and so forth. To evaluate the results, the information will be compared with the same data on 4,000 women who underwent other plastic surgery procedures, such as rhinoplasty, facelift, liposuction, dermabrasion, eyelifts, and others, from the same practices as the breast augmentation patients.

Participants will be recruited for the study from several large reconstructive and plastic surgery practices. Among the breast implant patients, women who have had bilateral breast implants for cosmetic purposes only, and not as breast reconstruction after breast cancer surgery, will be eligible. Women with a history of breast cancer may not participate.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Detailed Description

Although approximately 2 million women in this country have undergone augmentation mammoplasty, little is known about long-term effects. There has been concern for some time regarding possible effects of implanted material on the immune system. In addition, there has been a long-standing concern that breast implants may deter the detection of breast cancers. More recently, concern has developed over the possible carcinogenicity of the material used in implants themselves. Of particular concern is the recognition that a polyurethane foam coating used to contain silicone gel in some implants is comprised of the chemicaI 2, 4-diamino toluene, or TDA, which has been linked to increased risks of breast as well as other cancers in rats and mice. To address these concerns, a retrospective cohort study of approximately 12,000 breast implant patients is proposed. It is anticipated that these women will be recruited from a number of large reconstructive and plastic surgery practices in several diverse areas. The cohort will be constructed in such a manner that a variety of different implant types are represented and an average of 10 years of follow-up on the patients is achieved. Records at the collaborating practices will be reviewed to obtain identifiers of potential study subjects, particulars of the surgery and possible co-variates for subsequent diseases. Using a variety of sources, the subjects were traced for current vital status and residence. A questionnaire will be developed and sent to the study subjects. This questionnaire will request information from the subjects on perceived complications of the implant, history of breast examinations and mammograms, frequency of breast self examinations, development of diseases subsequent to the operation (with particular interest on cancer and connective tissue disorders), and potential risk factors for the diseases of interest (e.g., age at menarche, age at first birth, age and type of menopause, family medical history, immune alterations). Because of difficulties in comparing this population to an external standard, an internal comparison cohort was also assembled. This will consist of approximately 4,000 women receiving operations from the same plastic surgery practices as the breast augmentation patients. This comparison group will consist of women undergoing a variety of cosmetic plastic surgery procedures, such as rhinoplasty. Attempts will be made to assemble a cohort with similar ages and operations dates as the breast implant patients. Records of these patients will be abstracted and follow-up pursued in the same manner as for the mammoplasty patients. The cancer incidence and mortality experience of the augmentation mammoplasty patients was compared to both general population rates (using SEER cancer incidence and U.S. mortality rates) and to that of the experience of the other plastic surgery patients. Analyses of the risk of connective tissue disorders focused solely on the internal comparisons, given the absence of available population incidence rates for these disorders. Analyses included efforts to assess risks by various implant characteristics, including age at, calendar time of, and interval since implantation. Internal analyses enabled adjustment for recognized risk factors, particularly for the cancers of interest.

Study Type

Observational

Enrollment (Actual)

17424

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

United States
- Maryland
  - Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892
    - National Cancer Institute (NCI), 9000 Rockville Pike

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

21 years to 69 years (Adult, Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Genders Eligible for Study

Female

Sampling Method

Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

13,488 women receiving cosmetic implants and 3,936 patients who had other types of plastic surgery at 18 plastic surgery practices during the period 1960-1988.

Description

INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

The following criteria for inclusion in the study cohort will apply:

Age. No age restrictions apply; patients receiving cosmetic implants at any age will be eligible for study.
Cosmetic augmentation only. Patients with breast reduction surgery or reconstructive surgery following breast cancer will not be included.
Females only. Implants in conjunction with sex change surgery will not be included.
Bilateral implants only. Patients with unilateral implants will not be included.
First occurrence of a breast implant. Patients with a previous breast implant will not be included.
Patients with a history of plastic surgery involving silicone exposure will not be included.
Patients with a history of breast cancer at or before the time of implant will not be included.
Patients residing in defined geographic areas at the time that their plastic surgery was sought (these areas will need to be individually defined for each study site).
Patients with a history of breast surgery for non-cancerous events, those with a history of cancer of sites other than the breast, and those with documented histories of connective tissue disorders will continue to be eligible for cohort inclusion, although information on these conditions will be abstracted so that separate analyses can be pursued.

For the comparison cohort, items a, c, f, g, h and i will apply. Patients currently receiving an operation involving implantation of silicon will not be included in the comparison cohort.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

Number of groups / cohorts

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort
Cohort Women receiving implants and other plastic surgery.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
No intervention Time Frame: Indefinite	Assessing effect of augmentative breast surgery upon breast cancer risk.	Indefinite

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

National Cancer Institute (NCI)

Investigators

Principal Investigator: Robert N Hoover, M.D., National Cancer Institute (NCI)

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

January 10, 2003

Primary Completion (Actual)

July 10, 2020

Study Completion (Actual)

July 10, 2020

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

June 19, 2006

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria