Diet Composition, Weight Control, and Breast Carcinogenesis (CHOICE)

In the United States, overweight (BMI > 25 but < 30 Kg/m2) and obesity (BMI > 30Kg/m2) are increasing at epidemic rates. A significant association exists between being overweight or obese and breast cancer recurrence and survival. However, evidence continues to accumulate indicating that achieving or maintaining a healthy weight for height (Body Mass Index, BMI, 18.5-25Kg/m2) is associated with a reduced risk for breast cancer and with a decrease in breast cancer associated mortality. Despite this, there is a lack of randomized controlled trials exploring this association and how the process of fat loss or being successful in actually reaching a healthy weight for height differentially affects biomarkers for cancer recurrence.

Many dietary approaches for weight loss are currently available to the public, and each purports to offer advantages. However, there is little scientific evidence to indicate how these dietary approaches, some of which vary markedly in the foods that they limit or exclude, affect biomarkers for breast cancer risk. In particular, it is not know whether the critical factor in relation to weight and breast cancer is simply weight loss (negative energy balance), irrespective of the manner in which it is achieved, or if certain dietary approaches affect breast cancer risk biomarkers more favorably than others. Published data from our laboratory suggest that dietary pattern does matter, and therefore the goal of this study is to investigate the effects of two popular weight loss dietary approaches that differ in the extent to which they limit carbohydrate or fat consumption (with effects on dietary glycemic load) compared to a usual care group on prognostic markers for cancer recurrence in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. The investigators hypothesize that in addition to the anticipated effects of fat loss on circulating levels of bioavailable sex steroid hormones, that the effects of excess fat on breast cancer prognosis can be attributed to three interrelated metabolic processes that affect cancer progression: altered glucose metabolism, chronic inflammation and excessive cellular oxidation.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Breast Cancer
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Weight Loss Dietary Pattern

Detailed Description

This study is designed to answer questions about how a dietary pattern either high or low in dietary carbohydrate and fat availability and fat loss influence metabolic and hormonal processes that may affect breast cancer recurrence. The investigators hypothesize that in addition to the anticipated effects of fat loss on circulating levels of bioavailable sex steroids, that the effects of excess fat on breast cancer prognosis can be attributed to three interrelated metabolic processes: altered glucose metabolism (IGF-1, IGFBP-3, glycated proteins), chronic inflammation (C-reactive protein, IL-6, TNF-alpha) and excessive cellular oxidation (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and 8-isoprostane F-2 alpha).

A 6 month intervention study involving 370 post menopausal women who have been treated for breast cancer is proposed. Randomized women, stratified by resected stage, systemic adjuvant therapy and body mass index (> 25 and < 35 Kg/m2), will serve as either a non-intervention control group or will follow a tailored diet-physical activity program designed to create a weekly negative energy balance equivalent to 3500 kcal. The intervention groups will receive the same physical activity protocol, but one of two diets that differ in dietary pattern.

The specific aims are: Aim 1. Does a dietary pattern either high or low in available carbohydrate and fat alter the pattern of change observed in circulating factors involved in glucose homeostasis, chronic inflammation, cellular oxidation, and steroid hormone metabolism during progressive loss of body fat? The investigators will also examine how observed changes in these circulating factors related to changes indicators of breast cancer recurrence. Aim 2. Do circulating factors associated with glucose homeostasis, chronic inflammation, and cellular oxidation display the same pattern of change in response to progressive fat loss as circulating analytes associated with sex steroid metabolism? Analytes of interest will be measured monthly throughout the study. Aim 3. Does dietary glycemic load affect the magnitude or rate of fat loss? Plasma adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin and plasma ghrelin will be measured to provide biological determinants that may help explain differences in response.

The work proposed in this application should provide quantitative data about the importance of the magnitude of fat loss on metabolic and hormonal processes involved in cancer recurrence and provide guidance about effective dietary approaches that maximize weight loss benefits on breast cancer prognosis.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 259
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Colorado
    • Denver, Colorado, United States, 80220
      • Rocky Mountain Cancer Center

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 21 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: Female

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Female breast cancer survivors
• Staged, resected breast cancer (> 4-months post radiation treatment, chemotherapy or surgery)
• Post-menopausal (no menses for > 6 months)
• No evidence of metastatic breast disease
• Willing to follow the diet plan prescribed
• Willing to follow the guidelines for alcohol consumption (no more than 1 standard alcoholic drink per day where one serving is defined as 12oz beer, 5 oz wine OR 1 oz hard liquor)
• Willing to maintain or increase current physical activity level
• Willing to wear a pedometer and keep a daily record of steps
• Willing to wear heart rate/ accelerometer device (Actiheart) continuously (24/7) for one week at the start and end of the study
• Willing to wear a body or swim suit and cap for body composition tests
• Willing to record food intake daily
• Willing to come to RMCC Rose for 11 individual and 5 group sessions over a 6 month period
• Willing to provide urine and fasting blood samples at 7 visits during the study
• Willing to make the commitment it takes to lose weight for the study
• Must have a Body Mass Index between 25Kg/m2 to 35Kg/m2.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Anticipates having surgery during the next 6 months
• Follows a special diet, e.g. gluten free, casein free, dairy free, vegetarian or other
• Lost 4 or more pounds during the previous month
• Taking weight loss medications during the study
• Being treated by a physician for diabetes
• Has an eating disorder
• Has digestive problems such as IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome), Crohn's or other
• Has had surgery involving constriction or removal of any portion of the gastrointestinal tract (gastric bypass, lap-band, bowel resection, colostomy etc.
• Diagnosed with hepatitis B, hepatitis C or HIV
• Has electronic devices implanted in their body (pacemaker, vagus nerve stimulator)
• Must not use any tobacco products

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
No Intervention: Control; Usual care
Experimental: Low fat, high carb weight loss diet; Ornish-like weight loss dietary pattern	Other: Weight Loss Dietary Pattern; Diet-physical activity program creating a weekly negative energy balance equivalent to 3500 kcal. Intervention groups receive PA protocol promoting the Physical Activity Guidelines and translated in step recommendations, but one of two diets with divergent dietary patterns (opposing fat and CHO content) that do not overlap >+5% in CHO and fat content. Macronutrient values reflect a 'pattern' or ratio within (LC 3:2 ratio for F:CHO; HC 1:4 ratio for F:CHO ) and between diets (LC:HC 3:1 for fat; LC:HC 1:2 for CHO). Six-week meal plans for five calorie levels available and incorporate educational material, supporting program components (e.g. self monitoring tools) and core competencies reinforcing weight loss behaviors in order to promote high levels of dietary adherence.; Other Names: Low fat, high carb weight loss diet (Vivace Diet); Low carb, high fat weight loss diet (Ricca Diet)
Experimental: Low carb, high fat weight loss diet; South-Beach-like weight loss diet pattern	Other: Weight Loss Dietary Pattern; Diet-physical activity program creating a weekly negative energy balance equivalent to 3500 kcal. Intervention groups receive PA protocol promoting the Physical Activity Guidelines and translated in step recommendations, but one of two diets with divergent dietary patterns (opposing fat and CHO content) that do not overlap >+5% in CHO and fat content. Macronutrient values reflect a 'pattern' or ratio within (LC 3:2 ratio for F:CHO; HC 1:4 ratio for F:CHO ) and between diets (LC:HC 3:1 for fat; LC:HC 1:2 for CHO). Six-week meal plans for five calorie levels available and incorporate educational material, supporting program components (e.g. self monitoring tools) and core competencies reinforcing weight loss behaviors in order to promote high levels of dietary adherence.; Other Names: Low fat, high carb weight loss diet (Vivace Diet); Low carb, high fat weight loss diet (Ricca Diet)

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Inflammation Markers	C-reactive protein, IL-6, TNF-alpha	Baseline and montlhly for 6 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Body Fat Percentage (%)	% Body fat, % lean muscle mass, Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) using the BODPOD (Volumetric weighing; Life Measurement, Inc.) and Tanita Bioelectrical Impedence (BI)	Baseline and monthly for 6 months
Waist Hip Ratio	Calculated by measuring and dividing waist and hip circumferences	Baseline and monthly for 6 months
Weight	Using 1) BODPOD (Life Measurement, Inc.) and 2) Tanita Bioelectrical Impedence Scale	Baseline and monthly for 6 months
Bioavailable sex steroid hormones	estradiol, estrone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)	Baseline and monthly for 6 months
Glucose metabolism	glucose, insulin, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, glycated proteins (HbA1c)	Baseline and monthly for 6 months
Cellular oxidation	8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, DNA damage sensitivity and repair and 8-isoprostane-F-2-alpha	Baseline and monthly for 6 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Colorado State University
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Henry J Thompson, PhD, Colorado State University; Principal Investigator: Scot M Sedlacek, MD, Rocky Mountain Cancer Center

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Thompson HJ, Sedlacek SM, Playdon MC, Wolfe P, McGinley JN, Paul D, Lakoski SG. Weight loss interventions for breast cancer survivors: impact of dietary pattern. PLoS One. 2015 May 26;10(5):e0127366. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127366. eCollection 2015.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: September 1, 2008
• Primary Completion (Actual): January 1, 2012
• Study Completion (Actual): June 1, 2012

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 14, 2011
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 14, 2011
• First Posted (Estimate): March 15, 2011

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): February 15, 2013
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 13, 2013
• Last Verified: February 1, 2013

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Breast cancer; dietary pattern; survivors; weight lose
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pathologic Processes; Neoplasms; Neoplastic Processes; Carcinogenesis
• Other Study ID Numbers: CA125243