The Intensive Care Platform Trial (INCEPT)

March 18, 2026 updated by: Anders Perner

The Intensive Care Platform Trial (INCEPT)

Among critically ill patients, many die, and many of the survivors and their family members struggle for years with reduced quality of life. Critically ill patients are treated in intensive care units (ICUs). Here, they receive life support, e.g., mechanical ventilation and advanced support of the circulation (heart and blood vessels) and kidneys. In addition, ICU patients receive many other treatments. It is, however, uncertain if all the treatments provide value for the patients. The desirable effects of many treatments are uncertain, and some may be wasteful or even harmful.

Clinical trials are necessary to validly assess the desirable and undesirable effects of different treatments. However, conventional clinical trials have limitations:

  • They typically only assess a single question related to a single comparison of treatments at a time.
  • They are often not very flexible, including with regards to the number of participants needed, and this increases the risk that a trial will end up as inconclusive.
  • There is no or limited re-use or sharing of infrastructure across trials, leading to duplicate work and resource use.
  • Trial participants do usually not benefit from the obtained knowledge before the trial concludes.
  • Involvement of patients, family members, and other stakeholders is typically limited, which may decrease the relevance of the questions addressed.

With the Intensive Care Platform Trial (INCEPT), we aim to tackle these challenges by establishing a flexible platform trial that continuously learns from the obtained results. The platform trial may run forever with simultaneous and continuous assessment of many treatments. INCEPT will continuously learn from the accrued data and use these to improve the treatment of both participating and future patients. With INCEPT, we are also building a framework for thorough and extensive involvement of key stakeholders, including patients and family members. INCEPT will improve the way clinical trials are done and increase the probabilities that treatments are improved. This will:

  • Directly improve outcomes for ICU patients.
  • Relieve a strained healthcare system by discarding inefficient or harmful treatments.
  • Ensure that new treatments are beneficial or cost-effective before implementation.
  • Lower the costs and burdens of assessing more treatments in the critically ill.

Study Overview

Detailed Description

Background:

Randomised clinical trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for evaluating intervention effects, however, conventional RCTs are bureaucratic, costly, inflexible, and often inconclusive. Adaptive platform trials are increasingly used as they can reduce barriers and are more flexible, and thus come with a higher probability of obtaining conclusive results faster at lower costs.

Objectives:

The Intensive Care Platform Trial (INCEPT) will be used to assess the effects of interventions used in adults acutely admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).

Design:

INCEPT is an investigator-initiated, pragmatic, randomised, embedded, multifactorial, international, adaptive platform trial. INCEPT uses adaptive stopping and arm-dropping rules, as well as fixed and response-adaptive randomisation. Specific domains may be either open label or blinded.

Domains and interventions:

Comparable groups of interventions will be nested in domains, which have conceptual similarities with stand-alone randomised trials. Domains will continuously be added to INCEPT and conducted following domain-specific appendices to the core protocol.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria:

Adults acutely admitted to the ICU will be screened if they are eligible for at least one active domain. The only platform-level exclusion criteria are 1) informed consent after inclusion expected to be unobtainable and 2) patients admitted under coercive measures. Additional inclusion and exclusion criteria will be domain-specific.

Stakeholder involvement:

Stakeholder involvement is central in INCEPT and ensured through a central advisory board comprising various key stakeholders, and consultations with national and international research panels consisting of ICU survivors, family members, clinicians, and researchers. Stakeholders will be involved in the development of the overall platform trial and specific domains with pre-specified minimum requirements for involvement.

Outcomes:

Each domain will use one of the core outcomes (defined elsewhere in the registration) as the primary outcome and the guiding outcome driving all adaptations.

Statistical methods Primary analyses will generally be conducted in the intention-to-treat population of each domain. INCEPT primarily uses Bayesian statistical methods with neutral priors conveying either minimal information or some scepticism, although specific domains may use conventional, frequentist statistical methods. Outcomes will generally be analysed using logistic and linear regression models adjusted for pre-specified anticipated prognostic baseline characteristics, followed by calculation of sample-average estimates and intervention effects using G-computation. Results will be presented for each intervention and comparisons presented on both the absolute (risk differences and mean differences) and relative (risk ratios and ratios of means) scales with 95% credible intervals and probabilities of superiority. INCEPT will generally use constant, symmetric stopping rules for superiority/inferiority based on the guiding outcome; domains may use stopping rules for practical equivalence or futility based on the posterior distribution of the guiding outcome on the absolute scale. All stopping rules will be binding. Response-adaptive randomisation, either with or without restrictions, may be used based on the posterior distribution for the guiding outcome. Missing data will be multiply imputed. Additional secondary analyses (e.g., per-protocol analyses), sensitivity analyses, and analyses of heterogeneity in intervention effects according to pre-defined baseline characteristics may be specified for each domain and undertaken once a domain has stopped. Domains will be designed and evaluated using statistical simulation.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Estimated)

10000

Phase

  • Phase 4

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact Backup

Study Locations

      • Aabenraa, Denmark, 6200
        • Not yet recruiting
        • Anaesthesia, Hospital Sønderjylland
        • Contact:
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Rajesh P Bhavsar, MD
      • Aalborg, Denmark, 9000
        • Recruiting
        • Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital
        • Contact:
        • Contact:
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Bodil S Rasmussen, MD, PhD
      • Aarhus, Denmark, 8200
        • Recruiting
        • Department of Intensive Care Nord , Aarhus University Hospital
        • Contact:
          • Klaus U Koch, MD, Consoultant
          • Phone Number: 004561686674
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Klaus U Koch, MD, Consultant
      • Aarhus, Denmark, 8200
        • Recruiting
        • Department of Intensive Care Øst, Aarhus University Hospital
        • Contact:
          • Asger Granfeldt, MD, Professor
          • Phone Number: 004529720155
          • Email: asgegran@rm.dk
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Asger Granfeldt, MD, Professor
      • Copenhagen, Denmark, 2100
        • Recruiting
        • Department of Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet
        • Contact:
        • Contact:
        • Sub-Investigator:
          • Anders Granholm, MD, PhD
      • Copenhagen, Denmark, 2100
        • Not yet recruiting
        • Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Intensive care, Copenhagen Universisty Hospital - Rigshospitalet
        • Contact:
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Peter B Hjortrup, MD, PhD
      • Copenhagen, Denmark, 2100
        • Not yet recruiting
        • Neuroanaesthesiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet
        • Contact:
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Kirsten Møller, MD, PhD, DMSc, Professor
      • Copenhagen, Denmark, 2400
        • Recruiting
        • Department of anesthesiology and intensive care, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital
        • Contact:
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Nanna Reitter, MD
      • Esbjerg, Denmark, 6700
        • Not yet recruiting
        • Esbjerg Hospital
        • Contact:
      • Herlev, Denmark, 2730
        • Not yet recruiting
        • Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev
        • Contact:
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Anne S Andreasen, MD, PhD
      • Herning, Denmark, 7400
        • Recruiting
        • Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Gødstrup Hospital
        • Contact:
          • Iben S Darfelt, MD
          • Phone Number: 004548310086
          • Email: ibedar@rm.dk
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Iben S Darfelt, MD
      • Hillerød, Denmark, 3400
        • Recruiting
        • Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - North Zealand
        • Contact:
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Morten H Bestle, MD
      • Hvidovre, Denmark, 2650
        • Recruiting
        • Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Amager and Hvidovre Hospital
        • Contact:
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Ronni TR Plovsing, MD, PhD
      • Kolding, Denmark, 6000
        • Recruiting
        • Department of Anesthesia and intensive care medicine, Kolding Hospital
        • Contact:
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Anne C Brøchner, MD, Consultant
      • Køge, Denmark, 4600
        • Recruiting
        • Department of Anesthesia, Zealand University Hospital
        • Contact:
        • Contact:
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Lars Peter K Andersen, MD, Ph.D
      • Nykøbing Falster, Denmark, 4800
        • Not yet recruiting
        • Anesthesiology (ICU), Zealand University Hospital, Nykøbing Falster
        • Contact:
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Hans Fjeldsøe-Nielsen, MD
      • Odense, Denmark, 5000
        • Recruiting
        • Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Odense University Hospital
        • Contact:
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Jens Michelsen, MD
      • Randers, Denmark, 8930
        • Recruiting
        • Operation og Intensiv, Regional Hospital Randers
        • Contact:
          • Marianne L Vang, MD
          • Phone Number: 004578420505
          • Email: marivang@rm.dk
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Marianne L Vang, MD
      • Slagelse, Denmark, 4200
        • Recruiting
        • Intensive care, Slagelse Hospital
        • Contact:
        • Contact:
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Anne G Vedel, MD, Senior registrar
      • Svendborg, Denmark, 5700
        • Recruiting
        • Department. of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine
        • Contact:
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Peter M Hansen, MD, Consultant
      • Viborg, Denmark, 8800
        • Recruiting
        • Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Regional Hospital Viborg
        • Contact:
          • Christoffer G Sølling, MD, PhD
          • Phone Number: 004561787862
          • Email: chrisl@rm.dk
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Christoffer G Sølling, MD, PhD

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

The general eligibility criteria below apply to INCEPT as a whole and thus to all domains. Domains may impose domain-specific eligibility criteria that restrict the population eligible for that domain further, but domains are not allowed to broaden the general eligibility criteria. Domain-specific eligibility criteria always apply to all arms in a domain.

PLATFORM INCLUSION CRITERIA:

  • Adult patient (≥18 years old) acutely admitted to the ICU. This includes ICU admissions after emergency surgery, unplanned ICU admissions after elective surgery, and prolonged ICU admissions due to complications after elective surgery (i.e., admissions occurring or being prolonged due to an unexpected, worsened condition, but excluding planned ICU admissions after elective surgery without clinical deterioration).
  • Eligible for at least one active domain.

PLATFORM EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

  • Informed consent following inclusion expected to be unobtainable (e.g., known previous objections to participation).
  • Patient is under coercive measures (e.g., ongoing involuntary hospital stay or under the jurisdiction of correctional authorities).

Patients who have previously been included in INCEPT may only be included again during new ICU admissions but may only be randomised to domains in which they have not previously been randomised.

DOMAIN-SPECIFIC ELIGIBLE CRITERIA:

Each domain may have additional eligibility criteria. Refer to the study website for more information (www.incept.dk).

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Albumin
Use of albumin in ICU during circulatory failure in addition to crystalloids (resuscitation) and for substitution in case of suspected or overt albumin loss or plasma albumin levels ≤25 g/L
Albumin should be used for the following indications: 1. During circulatory failure in addition to crystalloids (resuscitation). 2. For substitution in case of: suspected or overt albumin loss OR P-albumin levels below or equal to 25 g/L. Decisions around timing, volume, and concentration of albumin, and its use for other indications, are at the clinician's discretion. P-albumin should be measured according to local practice.
Other: No albumin use
No albumin is to be used in ICU unless specific events occur
Albumin should not be used. In case of the following special circumstances, albumin may be considered: 1. Large ascites drainage (i.e., equal to or more than 1 L tapped) 2. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis 3. Hepatorenal syndrome.
Experimental: Low-molecular-weight heparin for thromboprophylaxis in weight-adjusted dose
Use of low-molecular-weight heparin for thromboprophylaxis in weight-adjusted dose during ICU stay
Patients with indication for thromboprophylaxis receive low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) in a weight-adjusted dose during their ICU stay. The treating clinician may decide to adjust or withhold one or more doses in case of acute and/or chronic kidney injury, renal replacement therapy, thrombocytopenia, invasive procedures, use of thrombolysis, and active (major) bleeding.
Active Comparator: Low-molecular-weight heparin for thromboprophylaxis in fixed low dose
Use of low-molecular-weight heparin for thromboprophylaxis in fixed low dose during ICU stay
Patients with indication for thromboprophylaxis receive low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) in a fixed low dose during their ICU stay. The treating clinician may decide to adjust or withhold one or more doses in case of acute and/or chronic kidney injury, renal replacement therapy, thrombocytopenia, invasive procedures, use of thrombolysis, and active (major) bleeding.
Active Comparator: Low-molecular-weight heparin for thromboprophylaxis in fixed intermediate dose
Use of low-molecular-weight heparin for thromboprophylaxis in fixed intermediate dose during ICU stay
Patients with indication for thromboprophylaxis receive low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) in a fixed intermediate dose during their ICU stay. The treating clinician may decide to adjust or withhold one or more doses in case of acute and/or chronic kidney injury, renal replacement therapy, thrombocytopenia, invasive procedures, use of thrombolysis, and active (major) bleeding.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
One of the INCEPT core outcomes (varying between domains)
Time Frame: From randomisation to 30-180 days after randomisation.
Each domain in INCEPT will use one of the core outcomes; 1. All-cause 30-day mortality. 2. All-cause 90-day mortality. 3. All-cause 180-day mortality. 4. Days alive without life support at day 30. 5. Days alive without life support at day 90. 6. Days alive out of hospital at day 30. 7. Days alive out of hospital at day 90. 8. Days free of delirium at day 30. 9. EQ VAS (Health-Related Quality of Life) at day 180. 10. EQ-5D-5L index values (Health-related quality of life) at day 180. 11. Cognitive function at day 180 (all described under "secondary outcomes").
From randomisation to 30-180 days after randomisation.
Days alive without life support at day 30 (Albumin domain)
Time Frame: From randomisation to 30 days after randomisation.
Days alive without the use of life support, with life support defined as invasive mechanical ventilation (≥1 hour of ventilation through a cuffed tube), continuous (i.e., ≥1 hour) use of vasopressors/inotropes, use of renal replacement therapy (including any form of in-hospital renal replacement therapy [e.g., haemodialysis, haemofiltration, or haemodiafiltration], continuously or intermittently, and including days in between intermittent renal replacement therapy; pauses between renal replacement therapy of up to three days will be considered as days receiving intermittent renal replacement therapy) at hospitals. Integer (0-30 overall; 0-29 in domains with life support at baseline as an eligibility criterion).
From randomisation to 30 days after randomisation.
Days alive and out of hospital at day 30 (Thromboprophylaxis domain)
Time Frame: From randomisation to 30 days after randomisation.
Days alive and out of hospital. Rehabilitation facilities and nursing homes do not count as hospitals. Integer 0-29.
From randomisation to 30 days after randomisation.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
All-cause 30-day mortality
Time Frame: 30 days after randomisation.
All-cause, fixed-time mortality. Binary.
30 days after randomisation.
All-cause 90-day mortality
Time Frame: 90 days after randomisation.
All-cause, fixed-time mortality. Binary.
90 days after randomisation.
All-cause 180-day mortality
Time Frame: 180 days after randomisation.
All-cause, fixed-time mortality. Binary.
180 days after randomisation.
Days alive without life support at day 30
Time Frame: From randomisation to 30 days after randomisation.
Days alive without the use of life support, with life support defined as invasive mechanical ventilation (≥1 hour of ventilation through a cuffed tube), continuous (i.e., ≥1 hour) use of vasopressors/inotropes, use of renal replacement therapy (including any form of in-hospital renal replacement therapy [e.g., haemodialysis, haemofiltration, or haemodiafiltration], continuously or intermittently, and including days in between intermittent renal replacement therapy; pauses between renal replacement therapy of up to three days will be considered as days receiving intermittent renal replacement therapy) at hospitals. Integer (0-30 overall; 0-29 in domains with life support at baseline as an eligibility criterion).
From randomisation to 30 days after randomisation.
Days alive without life support at day 90
Time Frame: From randomisation to 90 days after randomisation.
Days alive without the use of life support, with life support defined as invasive mechanical ventilation (≥1 hour of ventilation through a cuffed tube), continuous (i.e., ≥1 hour) use of vasopressors/inotropes, use of renal replacement therapy (including any form of in-hospital renal replacement therapy [e.g., haemodialysis, haemofiltration, or haemodiafiltration], continuously or intermittently, and including days in between intermittent renal replacement therapy; pauses between renal replacement therapy of up to three days will be considered as days receiving intermittent renal replacement therapy) at hospitals. Integer (0-90 overall; 0-89 in domains with life support at baseline as an eligibility criterion).
From randomisation to 90 days after randomisation.
Days alive out of hospital at day 30
Time Frame: From randomisation to 30 days after randomisation.
Days alive and out of hospital. Rehabilitation facilities and nursing homes do not count as hospitals. Integer 0-29.
From randomisation to 30 days after randomisation.
Days alive out of hospital at day 90
Time Frame: From randomisation to 90 days after randomisation.
Days alive and out of hospital. Rehabilitation facilities and nursing homes do not count as hospitals. Integer 0-89.
From randomisation to 90 days after randomisation.
Days free of delirium at day 30
Time Frame: From randomisation to 30 days after randomisation.
Days free of delirium. Days are not considered free of delirium in case of any of the following: a) any registered positive delirium score with a validated screening tool (Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit [CAM-ICU], CAM-ICU-7 or Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist [ICDSC]) b) new treatment with antipsychotics (any administration of haloperidol, olanzapine, or quetiapine in participants not receiving either of these at the time of index hospital admission) c) delirium status not evaluable due to mortality or registered coma. Integer (0-30 overall; 0-29 in domains with delirium at baseline as an eligibility criterion).
From randomisation to 30 days after randomisation.
EQ-5D-5L index values (Health-Related Quality of Life) at day 180
Time Frame: 180 days after randomisation (+/- 14 days).
EQ-5D-5L instrument with responses across five domains (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression) with five response levels each. Used with a value set to calculate index values anchored at 1 (perfect health) and 0 (a health state considered as bad as being dead) with index values below 0 representing health states worse than death. Preferably completed by participants, but completed by proxies if participants are unable to answer (using the proxy-participant perspective, i.e., the proxy will answer from the participant's perspective as the limited, indirect data available indicates that this perspective may better correspond to the participant's own response, if available). Decimal number (minimum values depend on value sets used, e.g., -0.758 with the Danish value set; maximum value: 1.000).
180 days after randomisation (+/- 14 days).
EQ VAS (Health-Related Quality of Life) at day 180
Time Frame: 180 days after randomisation (+/- 14 days).
A visual analogue scale ranging from 0 (worst imaginable health state) to 100 (best imaginable health state), part of the EQ-5D-5L instrument
180 days after randomisation (+/- 14 days).
Cognitive function at day 180
Time Frame: 180 days after randomisation (+/- 14 days).
Montreal Cognitive Assessment test 5-minute version, v2.1 ("Mini MoCA"), ranging from 0 points (worst) to 15 points (best).
180 days after randomisation (+/- 14 days).
Thromboprophylaxis domain specific secondary outcomes
Time Frame: 30 days (matching the primary and guiding outcome) and 90 days (matching the maximum intervention period).
The number of participants with one or more domain-specific secondary outcomes, i.e., venous thromboembolism or major bleeding as specified in the domain-specific appendix.
30 days (matching the primary and guiding outcome) and 90 days (matching the maximum intervention period).

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Albumin domain-specific safety outcomes
Time Frame: 30 days (matching the primary and guiding outcome) and 90 days (matching the maximum intervention period.
Albumin domain: The number of participants with one or more safety outcomes, i.e. severe anaphylatic reaction or major bleedings as specified in the domain specific appendix.
30 days (matching the primary and guiding outcome) and 90 days (matching the maximum intervention period.
Thromboprophylaxis domain-specific safety outcomes
Time Frame: 30 days (matching the primary and guiding outcome) and 90 days (matching the maximum intervention period).
The number of participants with one or more safety outcomes, i.e. severe anaphylactic reaction to LMWH or heparin-induced thrombocytopenia as specified in the domain specific appendix.
30 days (matching the primary and guiding outcome) and 90 days (matching the maximum intervention period).

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

June 26, 2025

Primary Completion (Estimated)

December 1, 2035

Study Completion (Estimated)

December 1, 2035

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

October 25, 2024

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

October 30, 2024

First Posted (Actual)

October 31, 2024

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

March 19, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

March 18, 2026

Last Verified

February 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Other Study ID Numbers

  • RH-ITA-2024-516208-41-00
  • 2024-516208-41-00 (Ctis)
  • U1111-1313-8171 (Other Identifier: World Health Organization - Universal Trial Number)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

YES

IPD Plan Description

An anonymised version of the final dataset (without personal, identifiable information, with timestamps replaced by relative time differences with respect to the time of randomisation, and other measures as deemed relevant) in each domain may be shared with other researchers following a reasonable request (i.e., a research proposal outlining the objectives, methodologies, and plans for data usage) and subsequent approval by the platform and domain management committees. Any sharing of data that is not considered anonymised will be after the necessary approvals; alternatively, aggregation, scrambling, or synthetic datasets (i.e., datasets with similar structure and attempts to preserve the overall relationships between variables as the original dataset) may be shared.

IPD Sharing Time Frame

For each domain, data will generally only be shared after a grace period of at least 9 months following initial publication of results based on the data. Approved researchers will sign appropriate agreements to ensure compliance with the approved purpose and ethical and eventual legal requirements.

IPD Sharing Access Criteria

Described in the core protocol which will be available at www.incept.dk once the trial has been approved.

IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type

  • STUDY_PROTOCOL
  • SAP
  • ICF
  • ANALYTIC_CODE
  • CSR

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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