The Effect of Beetroot Powder on Exercise Performance in Competitive Swimmers

Swimming requires high energy in a short time and involves overcoming water resistance. Besides regular training, swimmers use supplements to enhance performance, correct nutrient deficiencies, and speed recovery. The Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) classifies supplements by evidence level, with nitrate in Group A. Nitrate aids vasodilation and muscle performance via conversion to nitric oxide (NO).

About 25% of dietary nitrate converts to nitrite by oral bacteria, then to NO in the stomach-a valuable oxygen-independent pathway. NO improves exercise by enhancing oxygen efficiency, muscle contraction, and affecting type II fibers. Timing, dose, nitrate source, and individual traits influence its effect. Beetroot, rich in nitrate, is practical as juice for storage and consumption.

Beetroot gels and juices raise plasma nitrate 1-3 hours post-consumption, effective during 10-17 minute exercises. Some studies found no improvement in short-distance swimming, but others reported dose-dependent benefits. Meta-analyses recommend 5-14.9 mmol nitrate ≥150 minutes before acute exercise, and 5-9.9 mmol for chronic intake. Highly trained athletes may need ≥6-8 mmol NO₃-.

JECFA and the European Commission set acceptable daily intake (ADI) at 0-3.7 mg/kg body weight nitrate ion, safe for all ages.

No long-term, controlled studies exist on beetroot powder's effect in swimmers. To address this, a randomized, placebo-controlled, triple-blind crossover study was designed to evaluate beetroot powder supplementation's impact on competitive swimmers' performance, potentially contributing valuable knowledge.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Competitive Swimmer; Beetroot Powder
• Intervention / Treatment: Dietary supplement: Beetroot Powder; Other: Placebo

Detailed Description

1. Study Design and Participants: This study employed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design to investigate the effects of beetroot supplementation. Based on a power analysis conducted with a 5% error level and a statistical power of 0.95, a sample size of 36 participants was determined to be sufficient. The study was conducted over a one-year period at the Galatasaray Swimming Club following approval from the institutional ethics committee, and all participants provided written informed consent. Inclusion criteria required voluntary participation with parental consent, an age range of 18-24 years, participation in a structured training program for at least 18 hours per week, no history of chronic disease, no current use of sports or food supplements/medications, and no adherence to a special diet. Conversely, exclusion criteria included irregular training attendance, the presence of chronic diseases, and a failure to cease the use of food supplements one week prior to the study.
2. Product Development and Standardization: Three types of beetroot powder were selected from the Turkish market and analyzed by a laboratory accredited under the TURKAK TS EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 standard, utilizing the HPLC-DAD method in accordance with NMKL No. 165. Based on these analyses, 1.5 g of beetroot powder, corresponding to a 10 mmol nitrate intervention, was used for product development at the Haliç University Nutrition Principles Laboratory. A base mixture of water, gelatin, pectin, starch, and stevia was heated to 85-90°C for homogenization and cooled to 55-60°C. The intervention product contained 1.5 g of beetroot powder, while the placebo product included food coloring to match the visual characteristics of the intervention. Products were prepared 24 hours before each session, stored in opaque, food-safe packaging at 0-4°C, and coded by an independent researcher using a random number generator to ensure triple-blind conditions.
3. Experimental Procedure and Controls: Participants were instructed to maintain their habitual dietary intake throughout the study and were provided with a list of nitrate-rich foods to avoid. To prevent interference with oral nitrate-to-nitrite reduction, participants were strictly instructed to abstain from mouthwash, chewing gum, sweets, stimulants, and alcohol on all intervention days. The study consisted of five visits. Visit 1 involved providing study information and obtaining informed consent, while Visit 2 included baseline anthropometric assessments and randomization. Visit 3 involved data collection, including food record retrieval, a standardized warm-up, a 200-m freestyle performance test, and post-test measurements of blood lactate, heart rate, and fatigue. A two-week washout period was implemented between intervention phases to eliminate potential carry-over effects, followed by Visits 4 and 5, where the crossover intervention was conducted by repeating the established testing protocols with the alternative condition.
4. Data Collection: Sociodemographic and lifestyle data, including age, sex, education, nutritional habits, and training characteristics, were recorded. Anthropometric measurements included body composition via bioelectrical impedance analysis, height, BMI, and hand grip strength measured by a digital dynamometer. Performance was assessed through a 200-m maximum-effort freestyle swimming test. Physiological assessments included fingertip blood lactate concentration and heart rate (resting, maximum, and average). Finally, subjective fatigue was evaluated using the Perceived Physical and Cognitive Fatigue Scale and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS).

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 21
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey (Türkiye)
  • Kartal
    • Istanbul, Kartal, Turkey (Türkiye)
      • Kartal Kosuyolu Yuksek Ihtisas EAH

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Voluntary participation with parental consent
• Age range: 18-24 years
• Participation in a training program for at least 18 hours per week
• No history of chronic disease
• Not currently using any sports supplements, food supplements, or medications
• Not following a special diet

Exclusion Criteria:

• Irregular training participation
• Presence of chronic diseases
• Failure to cease the use of food supplements one week prior to the study

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Quadruple

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Beetroot then Placebo; Participants in this arm will first receive 1,5 grams of beetroot powder contain jelly candy daily for 3 consecutive days. After a 14-day washout period, they will receive placebo jelly candy daily for 3 consecutive days.	Dietary supplement: Beetroot Powder; 1.5 g of beetroot powder (equivalent to 10 mmol nitrate) administered as a jelly candy.; Other: Placebo; Color-matched, nitrate-free jelly candy.
Placebo Comparator: Placebo then Beetroot; Participants in this arm will first receive placebo jelly candy daily for 3 consecutive days. After a 14-day washout period, they will receive 1,5 grams of beetroot powder contain jelly candy daily for 3 consecutive days.	Dietary supplement: Beetroot Powder; 1.5 g of beetroot powder (equivalent to 10 mmol nitrate) administered as a jelly candy.; Other: Placebo; Color-matched, nitrate-free jelly candy.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in 200-meter swim performance time	The duration (in seconds) required for the participant to complete a 200-meter freestyle swim, measured using a Seiko stopwatch.	On the 3rd day of each 3-day intervention period (after beetroot or placebo supplementation).
Blood lactate concentration	Blood lactate levels (mmol/L) measured from capillary blood samples collected 3 minutes after completion of 200-meter swim test.	Immediately post-exercise on the 3rd day of each 3-day intervention period (after beetroot or placebo supplementation).

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for Perceived Fatigue	Participant's self-reported fatigue level assessed using a 10-cm visual analog scale, ranging from 0 (no fatigue) to 10 (extreme fatigue), completed immediately after the swim test.	On the 3rd day of each 3-day intervention period (after beetroot or placebo supplementation).
Heart Rate Change	Maximum heart rate during the 200m swim, heart rate at 1 minute post-performance, and mean heart rate during the test, recorded using a Polar sports watch with an integrated wrist-based optical heart rate monitor.	On the 3rd day of each 3-day intervention period (after beetroot or placebo supplementation).
Change in Perceived Physical and Cognitive Fatigue Scale (AFBYÖ) Scores	The 19-item Perceived Physical and Cognitive Fatigue Scale (PPCFS) is a 5-point Likert-type instrument used to assess athletes' perceived fatigue levels after each training session. The scale consists of two subscales: the Perceived Physical Fatigue (PPF) subscale, which includes the first 8 items with a total score range of 8 to 40, and the Perceived Cognitive Fatigue (PCF) subscale, which includes the remaining 11 items with a total score range of 11 to 55. The total score of the scale ranges from 19 to 95, where higher scores in either the subscales or the total score indicate increased levels of physical and cognitive fatigue, respectively.	On the 3rd day of each 3-day intervention period (after beetroot or placebo supplementation).
Daily Energy and Nutrient Intake	Dietary intake was monitored through 24-hour dietary records kept by participants for 24 hours prior to each measurement day. Ingredient quantities for composite dishes were calculated using the "Standard Food Recipes" manual. Subsequently, total daily energy and nutrient intakes were analyzed and quantified using the Nutrition Information System (BeBİS) software.	Collected during the 24-hour period prior to the 3rd day of each 3-day intervention period (both beetroot or placebo supplementation).

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Halic University

Publications and helpful links

Helpful Links

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Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): December 22, 2025
• Primary Completion (Actual): May 22, 2026
• Study Completion (Actual): June 1, 2026

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 16, 2026
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 19, 2026
• First Posted (Actual): June 23, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): June 23, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 19, 2026
• Last Verified: May 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Other Study ID Numbers: 2025-08/318

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO
• IPD Plan Description: Individual participant data (IPD) will not be shared due to concerns regarding participant confidentiality and the small sample size, which may increase the risk of re-identification.

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No