Body-Focused Mindfulness as an Add-on Intervention in Inpatient Alcohol Use Disorder Treatment (MBI-AUD-PL) (MBI-AUD-PL)

Effects of a Body-Focused Mindfulness Intervention Added to Standard Inpatient Alcohol Use Disorder Treatment on Emotion Regulation, Interoceptive Awareness, and Alcohol Craving: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if a body-focused mindfulness program can help people with alcohol use disorder (AUD) feel more connected to their bodies and manage their emotions better. The main questions it aims to answer are:

Does the mindfulness program reduce feelings of disconnection from the body (bodily dissociation)? Does it improve awareness of body signals (interoceptive awareness)? Does it lower alcohol craving and reduce the chance of returning to drinking after leaving the hospital? Researchers will compare participants who receive the mindfulness program to participants who receive standard psychoeducation sessions, within the same overall inpatient AUD treatment program.

Participants will:

• Take part in 6 weekly group sessions (90 minutes each) of body-focused mindfulness, which includes breathing exercises, body scan, gentle movement, and group discussion.
• Receive audio recordings of guided mindfulness exercises to practice independently between sessions.
• Complete questionnaires about their emotions, body awareness, and alcohol craving before and after the program.
• Be followed up at 4 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after leaving the hospital to track their drinking.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Alcohol-Related Disorders; Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Body-Focused Mindfulness Intervention; Behavioral: Standard Psychoeducation

Detailed Description

BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with impaired interoceptive awareness, bodily dissociation, alexithymia, and emotion dysregulation. These deficits are linked to elevated craving and relapse risk. Impaired body-self integration - the degree to which individuals identify with their own body - has been documented in AUD and is associated with emotional processing difficulties. While mindfulness-based interventions have shown promise in AUD treatment, programs targeting bodily experience without direct reference to substance use have not been systematically evaluated in inpatient settings.

INTERVENTION The body-focused mindfulness intervention consists of 6 weekly 90-minute group sessions added to standard inpatient AUD treatment. Each session follows a structured format: check-in and review of home practice (10 min), breath-focused meditation (10 min), psychoeducation on mindfulness attitudes (15 min), main body-focused practice - body scan in lying or seated position, mindful walking and stretching (20 min), structured inquiry (15 min), weekly intention setting and home practice assignment (10 min), and 3-minute breathing space (5 min). Participants receive audio recordings of guided mindfulness exercises and are encouraged to practice independently (5-10 minutes daily) between sessions. The intervention does not include direct reference to alcohol use or relapse prevention content. Sessions are delivered by therapists trained in mindfulness-based approaches with personal meditation practice experience.

STRUCTURED INQUIRY Each session includes a structured inquiry component in which the therapist facilitates exploration of participants' bodily experience during practice through open, non-judgmental questions. Inquiry is anchored to bodily experience - the therapist actively returns the conversation to somatic sensations when participants shift toward narrative or abstract reflection.

CONTROL CONDITION The active comparator group receives 6 weekly 90-minute psychoeducation sessions added to the same standard inpatient AUD treatment. Sessions cover standard topics related to alcohol use disorder, recovery, and coping strategies. Delivered by the same therapists as the experimental group. All other components of the inpatient treatment program are identical between groups.

RANDOMIZATION Randomization occurs after 14 days of hospitalization, following completion of the standard introductory psychoeducation program. Computer-generated randomization with sequentially numbered sealed envelopes is used for allocation concealment. Randomization is performed by a person not involved in the delivery of the intervention or outcome assessment.

ASSESSMENT All assessments are conducted in paper-and-pencil format at five time points: baseline (T0, after 14 days of hospitalization, before randomization), post-intervention (T1, before discharge, approximately 6 weeks after T0), and follow-up at 4 weeks (T2), 6 months (T3), and 12 months (T4) post-discharge. After each session, participants in both groups complete a brief paper-based questionnaire consisting of three numeric rating scale items (0-10) covering mindful awareness during the session, clarity of bodily sensations during the session, and current alcohol craving.

BODY MAPS Bodily sensation phenomenology is assessed using a paper-based body mapping measure adapted from the InteroMaps framework. Participants mark bodily regions on printed body outlines (front and back views of the whole body and of the head), indicating the intensity of sensations by the number of crosses placed in a region (1 = very weak to 5 = very strong) and rating the pleasantness of each marked sensation on a 1 to 7 scale (1 = very unpleasant, 4 = neutral, 7 = very pleasant). At T0 and T1, participants complete body maps for eight states: happiness, fear, anger, sadness, disgust, surprise, shame, and a neutral state.

SAMPLE SIZE Sample size was estimated based on a pre-registered meta-analysis of 29 randomized controlled trials (N=2,191) examining the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on self-reported interoception (primary outcome: MAIA-2 total score). The pooled effect across all mindfulness interventions was g=0.31 (95% CI [0.21, 0.42]); the effect for mindfulness-based programs incorporating body scan, breath awareness, mindful movement, and inquiry was g=0.41 (95% CI [0.29, 0.54]). Adopting g=0.41 as the primary assumption, with alpha=0.05 (two-tailed) and 80% statistical power, the required sample is 95 participants per group (N=190 total). Accounting for an anticipated 20% dropout rate, the adjusted target is 119 per group. The planned sample of N=240 (120 per group) provides 80% power at g=0.41 after accounting for dropout, with additional margin for feasibility.

FEASIBILITY REVIEW After enrollment of 100 participants, a feasibility review will assess recruitment rate, protocol adherence, and dropout rate. No interim efficacy analysis is planned. Sample size may be revised upward based on observed attrition. Recruitment will continue beyond N=240 if feasible within the planned recruitment period.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 240
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Andrzej Jakubczyk, MD, PhD; Phone Number: +48506647114; Email: andrzej.jakubczyk@wum.edu.pl
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Hubert Suszek, PhD; Phone Number: +48604202554; Email: hubert.suszek@psych.uw.edu.pl

Study Locations

• Poland
  • Mazovian
    • Warsaw, Mazovian, Poland, 01-045
      • Recruiting
      • Ward XVIII for Alcohol Use Disorder Treatment, Nowowiejski Hospital, Warsaw
      • Sub-Investigator: Hubert Suszek, PhD
      • Contact: Andrzej Jakubczyk, MD, PhD; Phone Number: +48506647114; Email: andrzej.jakubczyk@wum.edu.pl
      • Contact: Hubert Suszek, PhD; Phone Number: +48604202554; Email: hubert.suszek@psych.uw.edu.pl
      • Principal Investigator: Andrzej Jakubczyk, MD, PhD
      • Sub-Investigator: Maciej Kopera, MD, PhD
      • Sub-Investigator: Piotr Januszko, MD, PhD

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosis of Alcohol Use Disorder (DSM-5)
• Currently admitted to the inpatient AUD treatment program at the study ward
• Age 18 years or older
• Written informed consent provided

Exclusion Criteria:

• Refusal to participate or withdrawal of consent
• Severe somatic condition precluding participation in group activities
• Current acute psychotic symptoms
• Severe affective symptoms requiring intensive intervention
• High current suicide risk
• Epileptic seizure within 2 weeks prior to randomization
• Intellectual disability or significant cognitive impairment preventing understanding of or adherence to the study protocol
• Severe personality disorder with current self-harm or other-harm behaviors

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Body-Focused Mindfulness; Participants receive standard inpatient AUD treatment plus 6 weekly 90-minute body-focused mindfulness group sessions (breath awareness, body scan, mindful movement, and structured inquiry). Sessions are delivered in an open circular group format without direct reference to alcohol use. Participants receive audio recordings of guided mindfulness exercises and are encouraged to practice independently (5-10 minutes daily) between sessions.	Behavioral: Body-Focused Mindfulness Intervention; Six weekly 90-minute group sessions incorporating breath-focused meditation, body scan (lying and seated positions), mindful movement and stretching, and structured inquiry. Delivered in an open circular group format by therapists trained in mindfulness-based approaches. No direct reference to alcohol use. Participants receive audio recordings of guided mindfulness exercises and are encouraged to practice independently (5-10 minutes daily) between sessions.
Active Comparator: Psychoeducation (Active Comparator); Participants receive standard inpatient AUD treatment plus 6 weekly 90-minute psychoeducation group sessions covering standard topics related to alcohol use disorder, recovery, and coping strategies. All other components of the treatment program are identical to the experimental group.	Behavioral: Standard Psychoeducation; Six weekly 90-minute group psychoeducation sessions added to standard inpatient AUD treatment. Sessions cover standard topics related to alcohol use disorder, recovery, and coping strategies. Delivered by the same therapists as the experimental group. All other components of the inpatient treatment program are identical between groups.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, Version 2 (MAIA-2) - total score	The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, Version 2 (MAIA-2) is a 37-item self-report questionnaire assessing eight dimensions of interoceptive awareness including noticing, attention regulation, emotional awareness, self-regulation, body listening, and trusting bodily sensations. Total score ranges from 0 to 185, with higher scores indicating greater interoceptive awareness (better outcome).	Baseline and 6 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) - total score	The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a 36-item self-report questionnaire measuring difficulties in emotion regulation across six dimensions: non-acceptance of emotional responses, difficulty engaging in goal-directed behaviors, impulse control difficulties, lack of emotional awareness, limited access to regulation strategies, and lack of emotional clarity. Total score ranges from 36 to 180, with higher scores indicating greater difficulties in emotion regulation (worse outcome).	Baseline and 6 weeks
Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) - total score	The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) is a 20-item self-report measure of alexithymia assessing three dimensions: difficulty identifying feelings, difficulty describing feelings, and externally oriented thinking. Total score ranges from 20 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater alexithymia (worse outcome).	Baseline and 6 weeks
Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) - total score	The Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) is a 28-item self-report measure of the frequency of dissociative experiences. Total score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater frequency of dissociation (worse outcome).	Baseline and 6 weeks
Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS)	The Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) is a 5-item self-report measure assessing alcohol craving frequency, intensity, duration, and ability to resist. Total score ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating greater alcohol craving (worse outcome).	Baseline and 6 weeks
Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale Revised - Polish version (CAMS-R-PL)	The Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised Polish version (CAMS-R-PL) is a 10-item self-report measure on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = Rarely/Never, 2 = Sometimes, 3 = Often, 4 = Almost Always) assessing present-moment awareness, attention, intention, and non-judgment as a unidimensional construct of dispositional mindfulness. Total score ranges from 10 to 40, with higher scores indicating greater dispositional mindfulness (better outcome).	Baseline and 6 weeks
Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II)	The Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) is a 21-item self-report measure of depression severity over the past two weeks. Total score ranges from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating greater depressive symptoms (worse outcome).	Baseline and 6 weeks
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)	The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) measures state anxiety (current anxiety level) and trait anxiety (general tendency to experience anxiety). Each subscale ranges from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater state or trait anxiety (worse outcome).	Baseline and 6 weeks
Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) - alcohol use	The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) is a structured retrospective interview assessing daily alcohol use over a specified period. Outcomes include percentage of days abstinent (PDA, ranging from 0 to 100%) and mean drinks per drinking day (MDDD, ranging from 0 upward), with higher abstinence and lower MDDD indicating better clinical outcome. Used to assess alcohol consumption and relapse patterns after hospital discharge. Primary follow-up outcome for long-term clinical effectiveness.	4 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months post-discharge
Scale of Body Connection - Bodily Dissociation subscale (SBC-BD)	The Scale of Body Connection (SBC) is a 20-item measure on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = "not at all" to 5 = "all of the time") assessing bodily experience. The Bodily Dissociation subscale (SBC-BD) comprises 8 items, with total scores ranging from 8 to 40; higher scores indicate greater bodily dissociation (worse outcome). The SBC is specifically designed for mind-body intervention research and shows good construct validity and sensitivity to change in mindfulness interventions.	Baseline and 6 weeks
Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ)	The Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ) is an 8-item self-report measure assessing reflective functioning across two subscales: Certainty about mental states (RFQ-C, higher scores indicate hypermentalizing) and Uncertainty about mental states (RFQ-U, higher scores indicate hypomentalizing). Both subscales use a recoded scoring procedure. Higher scores on either subscale indicate more maladaptive mentalizing. The RFQ was developed as a brief screening measure of mentalization capacity.	Baseline and 6 weeks
Self-Body Identification - Circles measure	The Self-Body Identification - Circles measure is a visual measure of the degree of psychological identification of the self with one's own body, using overlapping circles to represent the perceived overlap between self and body. The measure consists of 7 pairs of circles and is a modified version of the Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale. Total score ranges from 1 (lowest level of identification with the body) to 7 (highest level of identification with the body), with higher scores indicating stronger self-body identification (better outcome). The measure has previously been used in clinical samples, including individuals with alcohol use disorder.	Baseline and 6 weeks

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Post-Session Single-Item Measures (three NRS items)	Three single-item Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) measures, each ranging from 0 to 10, are administered immediately after each session to participants in both groups. Item 1 assesses mindful awareness (0 = not at all able to notice what was happening inside them, 10 = fully able to notice; higher scores indicate better outcome). Item 2 assesses interoceptive awareness (0 = did not feel their body at all clearly, 10 = felt their body very clearly; higher scores indicate better outcome). Item 3 assesses current alcohol craving (0 = not at all craving alcohol, 10 = unbearably craving; higher scores indicate worse outcome). Items 1 and 2 refer to the session experience (retrospective), while Item 3 refers to the current moment (post-session state). Administered to both groups to allow direct comparison of session effects between body-focused mindfulness and psychoeducation conditions.	After each session, up to 6 weeks
Body Maps - Bodily Sensation Phenomenology (paper-based measure)	The Body Maps - Bodily Sensation Phenomenology is a paper-based body mapping measure in which participants mark, on printed body outlines (front and back views of the whole body and of the head), the bodily regions where they typically experience sensations when experiencing a given emotion or state. The intensity of sensations in each marked region is indicated by the number of crosses placed there, from 1 (very weak sensation) to 5 (very strong sensation). For each marked region participants also rate pleasantness on a 1 to 7 scale (1 = very unpleasant, 4 = neutral, 7 = very pleasant), with higher scores indicating more pleasant sensations. Administered at baseline and post-intervention for eight states: happiness, fear, anger, sadness, disgust, surprise, shame, and a neutral state.	Baseline and 6 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Medical University of Warsaw
• Collaborators: University of Warsaw
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Andrzej Jakubczyk, MD, PhD, Medical University of Warsaw; Study Chair: Marcin Wojnar, MD, PhD, Medical University of Warsaw

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Mehling WE, Acree M, Stewart A, Silas J, Jones A. The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, Version 2 (MAIA-2). PLoS One. 2018 Dec 4;13(12):e0208034. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208034. eCollection 2018.
• Fonagy P, Luyten P, Moulton-Perkins A, Lee YW, Warren F, Howard S, Ghinai R, Fearon P, Lowyck B. Development and Validation of a Self-Report Measure of Mentalizing: The Reflective Functioning Questionnaire. PLoS One. 2016 Jul 8;11(7):e0158678. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158678. eCollection 2016.
• Price CJ, Thompson EA. Measuring dimensions of body connection: body awareness and bodily dissociation. J Altern Complement Med. 2007 Nov;13(9):945-53. doi: 10.1089/acm.2007.0537.
• Cheng SC, Thompson EA, Price CJ. The Scale of Body Connection: A Multisample Study to Examine Sensitivity to Change Among Mind-Body and Bodywork Interventions. J Integr Complement Med. 2022 Jul;28(7):600-606. doi: 10.1089/jicm.2021.0397. Epub 2022 Apr 22.
• Desmedt O, Maurage P, Leganes-Fonteneau M, Billaux P, Billieux J. InteroMap: A Novel Tool to Map the Phenomenology of Bodily Sensations. PsyArXiv [Preprint]. 2025. doi: 10.31234/osf.io/qtudv.
• Kopera M, Maurage P, Suszek H, Kobylinski P, Rydzewska M, Zaorska J, Trucco EM, Zawislak I, Caban W, Jakubczyk A. How identification with one's own body is related to emotional processes in individuals with alcohol use disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2026 Jan;192:69-78. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.10.047. Epub 2025 Oct 22.
• Aron A, Aron EN, Smollan D. Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1992;63(4):596-612. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596.
• Treves IN, Chen YY, Wilson CL, Verdonk C, Qina Au J, Pustejovsky JE, Goldberg SB, Mehling W, Schuman-Olivier Z, Khalsa SS. A meta-analysis of the effects of mindfulness meditation training on self-reported interoception. Sci Rep. 2025 Nov 6;15(1):38889. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-22661-4.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): July 1, 2026
• Primary Completion (Estimated): December 1, 2028
• Study Completion (Estimated): December 1, 2029

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 15, 2026
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 11, 2026
• First Posted (Actual): July 16, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): August 24, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 20, 2026
• Last Verified: August 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: randomized controlled trial; mindfulness; emotion regulation; body awareness; alcohol use disorder; alexithymia; interoception; inpatient treatment; body-focused mindfulness; bodily dissociation
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Behavioral Symptoms; Substance-Related Disorders; Chemically-Induced Disorders; Behavior; Social Behavior; Self-Control; Alcoholism; Affective Symptoms; Alcohol-Related Disorders; Emotional Regulation
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2403/2026/09

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO
• IPD Plan Description: Individual participant data will not be shared publicly due to ethical considerations related to sensitive clinical data, including alcohol use disorder diagnosis, psychiatric history, and trauma history. Aggregate data and study materials will be available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author following publication.

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No