Effectiveness of UrDiaCare (UrDiaCare)

September 10, 2026 updated by: Prof. Dr. Shamaila Mohsin, PhD, National University of Medical Sciences, Pakistan

Effectiveness of UrDiaCare: A Knowledge-Grounded Urdu Large Language Diabetes Management Application on Glycaemic Control Self Management Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes in Pakistan: A Randomised Controlled Trial

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if UrDiaCare, an Urdu-language diabetes support tool, can help adults with type 2 diabetes manage their Diabetes and improve blood sugar levels. The study will include adults aged 30 to 70 years with type 2 diabetes and higher-than-recommended blood sugar levels. The main question is whether UrDiaCare can lower HbA1c, a blood test that shows average blood sugar levels over the past few months, after four months.

Researchers will compare UrDiaCare plus standard diabetes care with standard diabetes care plus a single Urdu educational pamphlet. UrDiaCare provides diabetes self-management education and support through WhatsApp/Android. It uses a fixed, health-professional-reviewed information library and does not provide diagnosis or prescribe treatment.

Study Overview

Status

Not yet recruiting

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

This study evaluates UrDiaCare, an Urdu-language, knowledge-grounded conversational assistant developed to support diabetes self-management among adults with type 2 diabetes in Pakistan. The intervention is designed to complement routine diabetes care by providing accessible, culturally appropriate education and ongoing support through WhatsApp.

UrDiaCare focuses on five areas of diabetes self-management: medication adherence, healthy eating, physical activity, blood glucose monitoring, and prevention of diabetes-related complications. Its development includes translating and culturally adapting diabetes education materials, expert review, and pilot testing with adults with type 2 diabetes to assess clarity, usability, cultural appropriateness, and technical functionality before finalizing the intervention.

The intervention is guided by Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and the Health Belief Model (HBM). SCT emphasizes self-efficacy and supports mastery experiences, encouragement, and contextualized feedback. HBM informs messages addressing perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers related to diabetes self-management. The conceptual framework proposes that UrDiaCare may improve self-efficacy and health beliefs, leading to better medication adherence and self-care behaviors and, ultimately, improved glycemic control.

UrDiaCare uses a knowledge-grounded, retrieval-augmented approach. Its responses are restricted to a predefined, clinician-reviewed knowledge library based on established diabetes education resources. The system is not a diagnostic or prescribing tool and does not provide individualized medical recommendations. Questions outside its approved educational scope trigger a standard response directing participants to their treating physician or an appropriate health facility. The knowledge library and safety rules are version-locked during the trial to maintain consistency.

The trial will use a parallel-group randomized controlled design. Participants will receive either UrDiaCare in addition to standard outpatient diabetes care or standard care with a static Urdu educational pamphlet covering the same five self-management areas. The study will follow participants for four months, with assessments conducted at baseline, two months, and four months.

The primary outcome is change in HbA1c from baseline to four months. Secondary outcomes assess medication adherence, diabetes self-management behavior, diabetes self-efficacy, self-care behaviors, and the usability and acceptability of UrDiaCare. The study will also examine factors associated with glycemic improvement among participants receiving UrDiaCare.

Intervention engagement and technical performance will be monitored throughout the study. UrDiaCare will use predefined safety checks to identify emergency or out-of-scope requests, while system information will be used to assess engagement and intervention delivery. Participant confidentiality will be protected through secure data-handling procedures, with identifying information and communication records stored separately and access restricted to authorized study personnel.

Overall, the study will determine whether adding a theory-informed, Urdu-language, knowledge-grounded conversational intervention to standard diabetes care can improve glycemic control and diabetes self-management. It will also provide evidence on the usability and safe implementation of an AI-assisted approach to diabetes self-management in Pakistan.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Estimated)

406

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

  • Name: Shamaila Mohsin, P.hD in Public Health
  • Phone Number: +92- 301-8219989
  • Email: sm104177@hotmail.com

Study Locations

  • Pakistan
    • Punjab Province
      • Gujranwala, Punjab Province, Pakistan, 52250
        • District Headquarter Hospital

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

Adults aged 30-70 years with T2DM confirmed ≥ 6 months (clinical record) and HbA1c ≥ 7.5% at screening

  • Currently prescribed oral antidiabetic medication(s) for ≥ 3 months
  • Personal ownership and regular daily use of a functioning smartphone (Android/iOS)
  • Able to read and understand Urdu
  • Available for the full 4-month study period and willing to provide written informed consent -

Exclusion Criteria:

Type 1, gestational, or secondary diabetes (e.g., steroid-induced, MODY)

  • Current insulin therapy (to avoid confounding from differing self-management complexity)
  • Severe, uncorrectable comorbidity likely to materially affect glycemic control or survival within 4 months (e.g., end-stage renal disease, active malignancy, liver failure)
  • Significant cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorder precluding informed consent or technology use
  • Participation in another diabetes clinical trial within the preceding 3 months
  • Insufficient Urdu reading proficiency, as the UrDiaCare interface is Urdu-script based

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: UrDiaCare
Participants randomized to this arm will receive UrDiaCare, a knowledge-grounded retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) Urdu large language model self-management assistant, delivered via WhatsApp/Android for 4 months in addition to standard outpatient diabetes care. UrDiaCare provides interactive Urdu diabetes self-management education and support covering glucose monitoring, medication management, diet, physical activity, and foot care. The system uses a predefined, clinician-reviewed knowledge base and provides scope-limited educational responses.
Behavioral: UrDiaCare
UrDiaCare is a knowledge-grounded, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)-based Urdu large language model self-management application delivered through WhatsApp/Android. It provides interactive Urdu diabetes self-management education and support for 4 months in addition to standard outpatient diabetes care. The intervention covers glucose monitoring, medication management, diet, physical activity, and foot care. UrDiaCare uses a predefined, clinician-reviewed, version-locked knowledge library and a safety-scope check. The system provides structured educational responses and scope-limited replies, and redirects out-of-scope requests requiring individualized clinical advice to the participant's treating physician or appropriate health facility.
Active Comparator: Urdu Educational Pamphlet
Participants randomized to this arm will receive standard outpatient diabetes care plus a single, non-interactive Urdu educational pamphlet delivered once at baseline via WhatsApp. The pamphlet covers the same five diabetes self-management domains as the UrDiaCare content library: glucose monitoring, medication management, diet, physical activity, and foot care. The pamphlet is static and does not provide interactive or ongoing conversational support.
Behavioral: Urdu Educational Pamphlet
Participants will receive standard outpatient diabetes care plus a single, non-interactive Urdu educational pamphlet delivered online via WhatsApp at baseline. The pamphlet provides general diabetes self-management education covering five domains: blood glucose monitoring, medication adherence, healthy eating, physical activity, and foot care. It does not provide interactive, personalized, or ongoing support.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Change in HbA1c (%) from baseline to 4 months
Time Frame: Baseline to 4 Months
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) will be measured as an indicator of glycemic control at baseline and at 4 months. The primary analysis will compare the change in HbA1c from baseline to 4 months between the Urdiacare mHealth chatbot intervention group and the control group.
Baseline to 4 Months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Change in Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) score from baseline to 4 months
Time Frame: Baseline, 2 months, and 4 months after randomization
The Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) will be used to assess diabetes self-management behaviors. The total DSMQ score will be measured at baseline, 2 months, and 4 months. Changes in scores over time will be compared between the intervention and control groups
Baseline, 2 months, and 4 months after randomization
Change in Urdu Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale (U-DSES) score
Time Frame: Baseline and 4 months after randomization
The Urdu Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale (U-DSES) will be used to assess participants' confidence in managing their diabetes. The total self-efficacy score will be assessed at baseline and at 4 months, and the change in score will be compared between the intervention and control groups.
Baseline and 4 months after randomization
Change in Urdu Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (U-SDSCA) score
Time Frame: Baseline, 2 months, and 4 months after randomization
The Urdu Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (U-SDSCA) will be used to assess diabetes self-care behaviors, including dietary practices, physical activity, blood glucose testing, medication adherence, and foot care. The score will be assessed at baseline, 2 months, and 4 months, and changes over time will be compared between the intervention and control groups.
Baseline, 2 months, and 4 months after randomization

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

National University of Medical Sciences, Pakistan

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Helpful Links

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Estimated)

September 15, 2026

Primary Completion (Estimated)

December 31, 2026

Study Completion (Estimated)

January 31, 2027

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

September 4, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

September 10, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

September 11, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

September 11, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

September 10, 2026

Last Verified

September 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • Re:758-AAA-ERC-AFPGMI

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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