High-risk HPV Testing With Pap Smear Triage for Cervical Cancer Screening in Women Aged 50 and Older in Ethiopia (GOLDEN-Et)
Genotyping and Outcome of hrHPV With cytoLogy Triage for Detection and Evaluation in Older Ethiopian womeN (GOLDEN-Et)
The goal of this observational study is to estimate how common high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection is in women aged 50 and older in urban Ethiopia, and which HPV types are present. It will also compare how accurately hrHPV testing alone, or combined with a Pap smear (cytology), identifies serious precancerious changes of the cervix (called CIN2 or worse). A biopsy (a small tissue sample from the cervix) will confirm these changes.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
- How common is hrHPV infection in women aged 50 and older, and which HPV types are most common?
- How accurately does hrHPV testing alone, or combined with a Pap smear, identify biopsy-confirmed CIN2 or worse in these women?
After a positive hrHPV result, some women need a follow-up exam of the cervix (colposcopy). Researchers will compare two ways to decide who gets this exam:
Strategy A: All women with a positive hrHPV result get a follow-up exam. Strategy B: Only women with a positive hrHPV result and an abnormal Pap smear get a follow-up exam.
Researchers will apply both strategies to the same group of participants. Participants are not placed in different groups. Researchers will compare how many cases of CIN2 or worse each strategy finds, and how many cases Strategy B misses. They will also compare how many follow-up exams each strategy needs to find one case, how many exams find no CIN2 or worse, and how many exams are needed for every 1,000 women screened.
Participants will:
- Collect their own hrHPV sample with a self-sampling brush
- Answer questions about their health and background, such as age, marital status, number of births, smoking, and past screening
- If their hrHPV result is positive and they agree to more testing, have a Pap smear, a follow-up exam (colposcopy), and a biopsy
This study is exploratory. Its results will help inform cervical cancer screening for women aged 50 and older in Ethiopia.
Study Overview
Status
Detailed Description
Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in Ethiopia, with an estimated 8,168 new cases and 5,975 deaths each year. Screening programs worldwide usually target women aged 30 to 49. Women aged 50 and older are increasingly diagnosed at advanced stages and have higher mortality, partly because hysterectomy rates are falling and life expectancy is rising. Ethiopia's 2025 national guideline recognizes unscreened women over 50 as a high-risk group for the first time, but evidence to guide their screening is limited. Visual inspection with acetic acid performs poorly in older women because lesions are harder to see. Cytology is also less reliable because smears from older women are often hypocellular and atrophic. hrHPV testing is more sensitive in this group, since a positive result more reliably reflects persistent infection, but hrHPV-positive women still need triage to identify disease. Cytology remains the recommended triage method above age 50, and no direct evidence exists on how these methods perform in this age group in Ethiopia.
Design: GOLDEN-Et (Genotyping and Outcome of hrHPV with cytology triage for Detection and Evaluation in older Ethiopian womeN) is an observational, prospective, cross-sectional, multicenter, quantitative study with two linked components: a prevalence component and a diagnostic accuracy component. It is exploratory rather than confirmatory. No intervention or treatment is assigned to participants, and there is no randomization. All consenting participants follow the same testing pathway. Two nested analysis sets are used. The prevalence analysis set includes all consenting, eligible women with a valid hrHPV result. The diagnostic accuracy analysis set includes hrHPV-positive women from that set who also consent to and complete cytology, colposcopy, and biopsy.
Procedures: Trained data collectors and nurses recruit women at the study sites, either among women attending the facility for other reasons or through dedicated screening outreach. Study staff, not treating clinicians, obtain consent. Each participant receives a pseudonymized study ID and completes a baseline questionnaire. Each participant then collects a self-sample for hrHPV testing with the ScreenFire RS assay, which reports positivity and genotype in four risk channels: HPV16; HPV18/45; HPV31/33/35/52/58; and HPV39/51/56/59/68. Recruitment for the diagnostic accuracy component runs on a rolling basis. As each hrHPV result becomes available, women who test positive are approached individually for additional consent and scheduled for cytology, colposcopy, and biopsy. Cytology is a conventional Pap smear read according to the Bethesda System. The biopsy result (CIN2+ present or absent) is the reference standard. A pathologist blinded to the hrHPV and cytology results interprets all biopsy specimens.
Baseline variables and confounders: Baseline demographic and clinical data are collected for all participants to describe the study population. Age, HIV status, prior screening history, and parity are considered as potential confounders, because they are related to both HPV persistence and disease progression.
Statistical analysis: Continuous variables are summarized with means and standard deviations or medians and interquartile ranges, and categorical variables with counts and percentages. hrHPV prevalence is reported with a 95% confidence interval, and genotype distribution as counts and percentages among hrHPV-positive women. Cytology is compared with the biopsy reference standard in a 2x2 table, with 95% confidence intervals for the accuracy measures listed under Outcome Measures. The two referral strategies described in the Brief Summary are applied retrospectively to the same hrHPV-positive women and compared descriptively. Because the same women contribute to both strategies, a McNemar test compares CIN2+ detection between them at a two-sided significance level of 0.05. This is the only pre-specified hypothesis test. Its result is interpreted together with the absolute differences between strategies. No correction for multiple testing is applied, and all other analyses are descriptive. No formal power calculation is applied to the McNemar test.
Missing data: Women with an unsatisfactory hrHPV result are excluded from the prevalence analysis set. Unsatisfactory cytology specimens are excluded from the relevant diagnostic accuracy calculations. The number and proportion of unsatisfactory specimens are documented and reported. Missing data are handled by complete-case analysis, with sensitivity analyses considered if missingness is substantial. Analyses are performed in SPSS.
Data management: Data are collected in REDCap using pseudonymized IDs. Before analysis, data are checked for completeness and consistency, including verification that hrHPV, cytology, and biopsy results are linked to the correct participant ID. Directly identifiable data and the code list are stored separately with restricted access.
Study Type
Enrollment (Estimated)
Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Genders Eligible for Study
Sampling Method
Study Population
Women aged 50 years and older attending three health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, either for other reasons or through dedicated screening outreach at the site, who are eligible for cervical cancer screening under Ethiopian national guidelines.
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
Women aged 50 years and older; Eligible for cervical cancer screening according to Ethiopian national guidelines; Able to understand and willing to give informed consent.
Exclusion Criteria:
Prior hysterectomy with removal of the cervix; Prior cervical cancer diagnosis or treatment.
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Observational Models: COHORT
- Time Perspectives: CROSS_SECTIONAL
What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
|
Prevalence of high-risk HPV infection and genotype distribution in women aged 50 and older
Time Frame: At enrollment (single time point, from the self-collected sample)
|
Proportion of women with a positive hrHPV result on the self-collected sample (ScreenFire RS assay), among all women with a valid result, with a 95% confidence interval. Genotype distribution among hrHPV-positive women across four risk channels (HPV16; HPV18/45; HPV31/33/35/52/58; HPV39/51/56/59/68), as counts and percentages. |
At enrollment (single time point, from the self-collected sample)
|
|
Diagnostic accuracy of cytology against biopsy-confirmed CIN2+ in hrHPV-positive women
Time Frame: From enrollment until the biopsy result is available (completion of the diagnostic pathway)
|
Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value (each with 95% confidence interval) of conventional cytology (Bethesda System) against the biopsy reference standard (CIN2+ present or absent), read by a pathologist blinded to the hrHPV and cytology results. Calculated among hrHPV-positive women who complete cytology, colposcopy and biopsy. |
From enrollment until the biopsy result is available (completion of the diagnostic pathway)
|
Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
|
CIN2+ detection and referral efficiency of two referral strategies in hrHPV-positive women
Time Frame: From enrollment until the biopsy result is available (completion of the diagnostic pathway)
|
Strategy A refers all hrHPV-positive women to colposcopy. Strategy B refers only hrHPV-positive women with abnormal cytology. Both are applied retrospectively to the same women. Compared: number and proportion of biopsy-confirmed CIN2+ cases detected, CIN2+ cases missed under Strategy B, and referrals and colposcopies needed per CIN2+ case detected. |
From enrollment until the biopsy result is available (completion of the diagnostic pathway)
|
|
Resource use of two referral strategies: colposcopy referrals per 1,000 women screened and unnecessary referrals
Time Frame: From enrollment until the biopsy result is available (completion of the diagnostic pathway)
|
Number and proportion of women referred to colposcopy without biopsy-confirmed CIN2+ (unnecessary referrals), calculated separately for Strategy A (all hrHPV-positive women) and Strategy B (only hrHPV-positive women with abnormal cytology), together with the number of colposcopy referrals per 1,000 women screened under each strategy. |
From enrollment until the biopsy result is available (completion of the diagnostic pathway)
|
Collaborators and Investigators
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Tamrat Abebe, PhD, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa University
- Principal Investigator: G.H. de Bock, PhD, University Medical Center Groningen
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start (Estimated)
Primary Completion (Estimated)
Study Completion (Estimated)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Actual)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Keywords
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
- Urogenital Diseases
- Genital Diseases
- Pathologic Processes
- Urogenital Neoplasms
- Neoplasms by Site
- Neoplasms
- Female Urogenital Diseases
- Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications
- Disease Attributes
- Infections
- Virus Diseases
- Uterine Diseases
- Genital Diseases, Female
- Communicable Diseases
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- DNA Virus Infections
- Genital Neoplasms, Female
- Precancerous Conditions
- Uterine Cervical Diseases
- Uterine Neoplasms
- Tumor Virus Infections
- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
- Papillomavirus Infections
- Uterine Cervical Dysplasia
Other Study ID Numbers
- 24934
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
IPD Sharing Time Frame
After 1 January 2028
IPD Sharing Access Criteria
Open access in a repository (DataverseNL), with no request or approval needed. Reuse conditions are citation of the data and compliance with the license. Terms of use are set out in a Data Access Protocol.
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
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