Tato stránka byla automaticky přeložena a přesnost překladu není zaručena. Podívejte se prosím na anglická verze pro zdrojový text.

Generative AI for Medication Counselling and Adherence in Community Pharmacies

9. června 2026 aktualizováno: Derar H. Abdel-Qader, University of Petra

Human-AI Collaboration in the Pharmacy: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial of Generative AI for Medication Counselling and Adherence

Medication counseling within community pharmacies is crucial for managing chronic diseases, yet significant challenges regarding correctness and completeness remain in Jordan. Although generative artificial intelligence (AI) can be utilized for patient education, there is a lack of research on clinical impact and safety of AI in medication counseling conducted by pharmacists in real-world practice. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of pharmacist-supervised AI-assisted medication counseling on the correctness and completeness of counseling information and 30-day medication adherence among patients in Jordanian community pharmacies.

Přehled studie

Detailní popis

Materials and Methods: This pragmatic, two-arm cluster randomized controlled trial enrolled 136 adult patients across 16 community pharmacies in Jordan (8 clusters per arm). Pharmacists in the intervention arm used a standardized prompt strategy with ChatGPT® to generate counseling drafts, which were then verified and edited before delivery. The control arm provided usual counseling. Co-primary outcomes were correctness and completeness of counseling information (percentage scores based on blinded transcript analysis). Secondary outcomes included 30-day medication adherence (General Medication Adherence Scale [GMAS]), immediate patient understanding, and satisfaction. Data were analyzed using mixed-effects linear and logistic regression models.

Typ studie

Intervenční

Zápis (Aktuální)

136

Fáze

  • Nelze použít

Kontakty a umístění

Tato část poskytuje kontaktní údaje pro ty, kteří studii provádějí, a informace o tom, kde se tato studie provádí.

Studijní místa

      • Amman, Jordán
        • Petra University

Kritéria účasti

Výzkumníci hledají lidi, kteří odpovídají určitému popisu, kterému se říká kritéria způsobilosti. Některé příklady těchto kritérií jsou celkový zdravotní stav osoby nebo předchozí léčba.

Kritéria způsobilosti

Věk způsobilý ke studiu

  • Dospělý
  • Starší dospělý

Přijímá zdravé dobrovolníky

Ano

Popis

Patient Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

Adults aged 18 years or older. Presenting with a new prescription or a refill for a chronic medication requiring counseling within one of the following classes: antihypertensives, oral antidiabetics, lipid-lowering agents, anticoagulants, or inhaled maintenance therapies.

Willing and able to provide informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

Presence of acute infections. Diagnosis of psychiatric disorders or oncological conditions. Presence of severe acute illness requiring urgent medical referral. Cognitive impairment precluding informed consent. Hearing or communication barriers that prevent interview completion without the presence of a caregiver.

Inability to provide a follow-up phone number for the 30-day adherence assessment.

Pharmacy and Pharmacist (Cluster) Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

Pharmacies legally registered in Jordan, providing routine prescription dispensing services, having at least one licensed pharmacist available during recruitment hours, and agreeing to participate for the full trial period.

Licensed pharmacists with a minimum of 2 years of clinical experience, working in participating pharmacies, providing direct patient counseling, and consenting to take part in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

Pharmacies that are already using structured AI-assisted counseling tools as part of their routine practice.

Pharmacists on temporary placement for less than one month. Pharmacists not involved in patient-facing counseling.

Studijní plán

Tato část poskytuje podrobnosti o studijním plánu, včetně toho, jak je studie navržena a co studie měří.

Jak je studie koncipována?

Detaily designu

  • Primární účel: Jiný
  • Přidělení: Randomizované
  • Intervenční model: Paralelní přiřazení
  • Maskování: Čtyřnásobek

Zbraně a zásahy

Skupina účastníků / Arm
Intervence / Léčba
Aktivní komparátor: Intervention arm procedures
For all eligible patients in the intervention arm, the pharmacist performed the standard patient assessment and determined which medicine(s) needed counselling. Then, the pharmacist input a prompt in a de-identified format into ChatGPT®. The prompt was a request for an easy-to-understand counselling document with information regarding the indications for the medication, dosage, schedule, route, course, missed doses, possible side effects, important precautions, storage, and advice on taking the medicine as prescribed (Appendix A). The pharmacist ensured that the content generated by the AI was accurate and clear, making corrections where necessary, and then gave verbal counselling to the patient.

For all eligible patients in the intervention arm, the pharmacist performed the standard patient assessment and determined which medicine(s) needed counselling. Then, the pharmacist input a prompt in a de-identified format into ChatGPT®. The prompt was a request for an easy-to-understand counselling document with information regarding the indications for the medication, dosage, schedule, route, course, missed doses, possible side effects, important precautions, storage, and advice on taking the medicine as prescribed (Appendix A). The pharmacist ensured that the content generated by the AI was accurate and clear, making corrections where necessary, and then gave verbal counselling to the patient.

The AI output was never provided to the patients without pharmacist evaluation. It is worth noting that pharmacists could also reject the AI output as inaccurate, insufficient, hazardous, and inappropriate altogether. Reproducibility was ensured through documenting the date and time, prompt te

Ostatní jména:
  • Intervention arm procedures
Žádný zásah: Control arm procedures
Pharmacies randomized to the control arm continued to provide usual medication counselling according to their standard routine practice, without access to the AI prompt templates or study AI workflow. Control pharmacists used their usual professional references, as would occur in routine care, but they were not trained in or asked to use ChatGPT® during the trial period.

Co je měření studie?

Primární výstupní opatření

Měření výsledku
Popis opatření
Časové okno
Percentage of Applicable Counseling Domains Provided Correctly
Časové okno: day 0
Defined as the proportion of clinically applicable counseling domains communicated accurately during the encounter, compared with a medication-specific reference sheet. Scored on a 0-100 scale, calculated as (Number of applicable domains correctly informed / Total number of applicable domains) x 100.Correctness score= (Number of applicable domains
day 0
Percentage of Essential Counseling Domains Addressed
Časové okno: Day 0
Defined as the proportion of essential counseling domains that were addressed during the encounter. Scored on a 0-100 scale, calculated as (Number of applicable domains addressed / Total number of applicable domains) x 100.
Day 0

Sekundární výstupní opatření

Měření výsledku
Popis opatření
Časové okno
Number of Counseling Deficiencies Categorized by Clinical Severity
Časové okno: Day 0
The frequency of omitted or incorrect counseling information, independently assessed by a panel of pharmacists using a 3-point scale: Low Severity (minor wording issues), Moderate Severity (errors leading to sub-therapeutic effects), and High Severity (errors with high potential for significant patient harm).
Day 0
Score on the General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS)
Časové okno: 30 Days Post-Encounter
Medication adherence assessed via telephone follow-up using the continuous total score from the General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS). Higher scores indicate better medication adherence.
30 Days Post-Encounter
Number of Participants Achieving Good Adherence
Časové okno: 30 Days Post-Encounter
The number of participants meeting the validated threshold for "good adherence" based on their GMAS survey responses.
30 Days Post-Encounter
Total Score on the Immediate Patient Understanding (Teach-Back) Assessment
Časové okno: Day 0
A brief interviewer-administered understanding assessment based on teach-back principles. Scores range from 0 to 4, with higher scores indicating a better understanding of the medication.
Day 0
Total Score on the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire
Časové okno: Day 0
A questionnaire covering clarity, usefulness, confidence, and overall satisfaction. Total scores range from 5 to 25, with higher scores indicating greater patient satisfaction.
Day 0
Time Spent on Face-to-Face Counseling
Časové okno: Day 0
Total face-to-face counseling time measured in minutes using audio timestamps from the start of counseling to completion.
Day 0
Number of Encounters Based on AI Output Acceptance Level
Časové okno: Day 0
The proportion of encounters in which the AI-generated counseling output was fully accepted, edited before delivery, or rejected outright by the pharmacist.
Day 0
Number of AI-Related Discrepancies Identified
Časové okno: Day 0
The frequency of detected AI inaccuracies prior to counseling, such as omitted counseling points, overly technical wording, or incomplete missed-dose advice.
Day 0
Number of Clinical Near Misses and Safety Incidents
Časové okno: Day 0
The number of encounters featuring a "near miss" (an AI error identified and corrected by the pharmacist before reaching the patient) or an "incident" (inaccurate information that actually reached the patient).
Day 0

Spolupracovníci a vyšetřovatelé

Zde najdete lidi a organizace zapojené do této studie.

Publikace a užitečné odkazy

Osoba odpovědná za zadávání informací o studiu tyto publikace poskytuje dobrovolně. Mohou se týkat čehokoli, co souvisí se studiem.

Obecné publikace

  • Abdel-Qader, D. H., Al Meslamani, A. Z., Lewis, P. J., & Hamadi, S. (2021). Incidence, nature, severity, and causes of dispensing errors in community pharmacies in Jordan. International journal of clinical pharmacy, 43(1), 165-173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-020-01126-w Abdel-Qader, D. H., et al. (2024). A comprehensive analysis of public satisfaction: Community pharmacists' pandemic preparedness in Jordan. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 14(8), 160-168. Abdel-Qader, D. H., et al. (2025). Drug-Drug interaction management among pharmacists in Jordan: A national comparative survey. Pharmacy, 137. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050137 Abu Hammour, K., et al. (2023). ChatGPT in pharmacy practice: A cross-sectional exploration of Jordanian pharmacists' perception, practice, and concerns. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 16(1), 115. Ali, S., Shimels, T., & Bilal, A. I. (2019). Assessment of patient counseling on dispensing of medicines in outpatient pharmacy of Tikur-Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia. Ethiopian journal of health sciences, 29(6), 727. Campbell, M. K., et al. (2012). Consort 2010 statement: Extension to cluster randomised trials. BMJ, 345. Chan, A.-W., et al. (2015). SPIRIT 2013 Statement: Defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 38, 506-514. Elayeh, E. R., et al. (2019). Use of secret simulated patient followed by workshop based education to assess and improve inhaler counseling in community pharmacy in Jordan. Pharmacy Practice (Granada), 17(4). Fattah, F. H., et al. (2025). Comparative analysis of ChatGPT and Gemini (Bard) in medical inquiry: A scoping review. Frontiers in digital health, 7, 1482712. FIP, I. P. F. (2021). Medication review and medicines use review: A toolkit for pharmacists Colophon. FIP, I. P. F. (2025). An artificial intelligence toolkit for pharmacy: An introduction and resource guide for pharmacists. (March). Hammad, E. A., et al. (2022). Feasibi

Termíny studijních záznamů

Tato data sledují průběh záznamů studie a předkládání souhrnných výsledků na ClinicalTrials.gov. Záznamy ze studií a hlášené výsledky jsou před zveřejněním na veřejné webové stránce přezkoumány Národní lékařskou knihovnou (NLM), aby se ujistily, že splňují specifické standardy kontroly kvality.

Hlavní termíny studia

Začátek studia (Aktuální)

1. ledna 2026

Primární dokončení (Aktuální)

30. března 2026

Dokončení studie (Aktuální)

30. března 2026

Termíny zápisu do studia

První předloženo

3. června 2026

První předloženo, které splnilo kritéria kontroly kvality

9. června 2026

První zveřejněno (Aktuální)

16. června 2026

Aktualizace studijních záznamů

Poslední zveřejněná aktualizace (Aktuální)

16. června 2026

Odeslaná poslední aktualizace, která splnila kritéria kontroly kvality

9. června 2026

Naposledy ověřeno

1. června 2026

Více informací

Termíny související s touto studií

Plán pro data jednotlivých účastníků (IPD)

Plánujete sdílet data jednotlivých účastníků (IPD)?

NE

Informace o lécích a zařízeních, studijní dokumenty

Studuje lékový produkt regulovaný americkým FDA

Ne

Studuje produkt zařízení regulovaný americkým úřadem FDA

Ne

Tyto informace byly beze změn načteny přímo z webu clinicaltrials.gov. Máte-li jakékoli požadavky na změnu, odstranění nebo aktualizaci podrobností studie, kontaktujte prosím register@clinicaltrials.gov. Jakmile bude změna implementována na clinicaltrials.gov, bude automaticky aktualizována i na našem webu .

Předplatit