Comparison of the Effects of Long-Term Rowing Training in Professional Rowers
Comparison of the Effects of Long-Term Rowing Training on Aerobic Capacity, Physical Fitness, and Psychological Parameters in Novice Individuals and Professional Rowers
Přehled studie
Postavení
Podmínky
Detailní popis
This randomized controlled study is designed to investigate the effects of long-term rowing training on aerobic capacity, physical fitness, cardiovascular autonomic function, and psychological performance in individuals with different levels of rowing experience. Approximately 60 healthy adults aged 18-65 years will be recruited and allocated into three groups: novice rowers, professional rowers, and a healthy control group. Participants in the novice and professional rowing groups will complete an 8-week supervised rowing ergometer training program performed twice weekly, while the control group will continue their usual daily activities without participating in a structured exercise program.
Outcome assessments will be conducted before and after the intervention period. Aerobic capacity will be evaluated using the Shuttle Walk Test together with 500-m and 2000-m rowing ergometer performance tests. Physical fitness assessments will include muscle strength (back-leg dynamometer), muscle power (Countermovement Jump), muscular endurance (30-second push-up and sit-up tests), core stability (plank test), flexibility (Sit-and-Reach Test), agility (T-Test), and postural alignment (PostureScreen®). Cardiovascular autonomic function will be assessed through resting heart rate variability using a validated chest-strap heart rate monitor. Psychological performance will be evaluated using the Alpak Flow Scale and the Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ). Demographic and clinical characteristics will also be recorded.
The primary objective of the study is to compare multidimensional physiological and psychological adaptations between novice and professional rowers following an 8-week rowing training program and to determine how these adaptations differ from those observed in healthy controls. The findings are expected to improve understanding of training-induced adaptations in rowing and provide evidence to support the development of more effective, evidence-based training strategies aimed at optimizing athletic performance and promoting athlete health.
Typ studie
Zápis (Odhadovaný)
Fáze
- Nelze použít
Kontakty a umístění
Studijní kontakt
- Jméno: Ceyhun TOPCUOGLU, Dr.
- Telefonní číslo: +90 535 653 51 37
- E-mail: ceyhuntopcuoglu1@gmail.com
Studijní místa
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Tunceli, Turecko (Türkiye)
- Nábor
- Munzur University Faculty of Health Sciences
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Kontakt:
- Ulku OZBEY, Prof. Dr.
- Telefonní číslo: +90 531 435 88 94
- E-mail: ulkuozbey@munzur.edu.tr
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Kritéria účasti
Kritéria způsobilosti
Věk způsobilý ke studiu
- Dospělý
- Starší dospělý
Přijímá zdravé dobrovolníky
Popis
Inclusion Criteria:
Adults aged 18 to 65 years. Able and willing to provide written informed consent. Medically able to participate in an 8-week rowing training program. For the novice rowing group: no previous structured rowing training experience. For the professional rowing group: actively competing or regularly training as a rower.
For the control group: healthy individuals not participating in structured rowing training during the study period.
Exclusion Criteria:
History of cardiovascular, neurological, orthopedic, psychiatric, or other systemic diseases that may interfere with study participation.
Cognitive or psychological conditions that prevent completion of the study assessments.
History of recent surgery or any medical condition limiting exercise participation.
Pregnancy. Inability or unwillingness to complete the intervention or outcome assessments. Participation in another structured exercise intervention during the study period.
Studijní plán
Jak je studie koncipována?
Detaily designu
- Primární účel: Léčba
- Přidělení: Nerandomizované
- Intervenční model: Paralelní přiřazení
- Maskování: Singl
Zbraně a zásahy
Skupina účastníků / Arm |
Intervence / Léčba |
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Experimentální: Novice Rowers
Participants in this group will complete an 8-week supervised rowing ergometer training program twice weekly.
Each session will include a warm-up, moderate-intensity rowing exercise emphasizing technical skill development, progressive interval training, and a cool-down period.
Exercise intensity will be progressively increased according to participants' tolerance (RPE 11-13).
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Participants will complete an 8-week supervised rowing ergometer training program performed twice weekly.
Each session will consist of a 10-minute warm-up, 30-40 minutes of moderate-intensity rowing emphasizing technical skill development and progressive interval training (RPE 11-13), followed by a 5-10-minute cool-down.
Exercise intensity and duration will be progressively adjusted according to each participant's tolerance and training adaptation.
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Experimentální: Professional Rowers
Participants in this group will perform an 8-week supervised high-performance rowing ergometer training program twice weekly.
Training will include warm-up, high-intensity interval rowing, race-pace training, sprint intervals, endurance sets, and cool-down.
Exercise intensity will be individualized according to maximal capacity (RPE 14-18) with progressive increases throughout the intervention.
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Participants will complete an 8-week supervised high-performance rowing ergometer training program performed twice weekly.
Each session will include a 10-15-minute warm-up, 40-60 minutes of high-intensity interval rowing, race-pace training, sprint intervals, and endurance sets (RPE 14-18), followed by a 10-minute cool-down.
Training intensity and volume will be progressively individualized according to each participant's maximal exercise capacity.
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Žádný zásah: Healthy Control
Participants assigned to the control group will not receive any structured rowing training or exercise intervention during the 8-week study period.
They will be instructed to maintain their usual daily activities and avoid participation in organized exercise programs.
Outcome assessments will be performed at baseline and after 8 weeks.
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Co je měření studie?
Primární výstupní opatření
Měření výsledku |
Popis opatření |
Časové okno |
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2000-Meter Rowing Ergometer Performance
Časové okno: Baseline and Week 8
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Time required to complete the 2000-meter rowing ergometer test as the primary indicator of rowing performance and aerobic fitness.
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Baseline and Week 8
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Flow State
Časové okno: Baseline and Week 8
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Change in flow state assessed using the Alpak Flow Scale.
The Alpak Flow Scale ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating a greater flow experience.
Lower scores indicate a lower level of flow (worse outcome), whereas higher scores indicate a higher level of flow (better outcome).
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Baseline and Week 8
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Mental Toughness
Časové okno: Baseline and Week 8
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Change in mental toughness assessed using the Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire.
The Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire consists of 14 items, with total scores ranging from 14 to 56.
Higher scores indicate greater mental toughness (better outcome), whereas lower scores indicate lower mental toughness (worse outcome).
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Baseline and Week 8
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Root Mean Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD)
Časové okno: Baseline and Week 8
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Change in resting heart rate variability assessed using the Root Mean Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD).
RMSSD is expressed in milliseconds (ms).
Higher values indicate greater parasympathetic (vagal) activity and better cardiac autonomic function.
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Baseline and Week 8
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Standard Deviation of Normal-to-Normal Intervals (SDNN)
Časové okno: Baseline and Week 8
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Change in resting heart rate variability assessed using the Standard Deviation of Normal-to-Normal Intervals (SDNN).
SDNN is expressed in milliseconds (ms).
Higher values indicate greater overall heart rate variability and better cardiac autonomic function.
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Baseline and Week 8
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Low-Frequency Power (LF)
Časové okno: Baseline and Week 8
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Change in resting heart rate variability assessed using Low-Frequency Power (LF).
LF is expressed according to the analysis method (e.g., milliseconds squared [ms²] or normalized units [nu]).
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Baseline and Week 8
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High-Frequency Power (HF)
Časové okno: Baseline and Week 8
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Change in resting heart rate variability assessed using High-Frequency Power (HF).
HF is expressed according to the analysis method (e.g., milliseconds squared [ms²] or normalized units [nu]).
Higher values generally indicate greater parasympathetic modulation.
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Baseline and Week 8
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Sekundární výstupní opatření
Měření výsledku |
Popis opatření |
Časové okno |
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Shuttle Walk Test Distance
Časové okno: Baseline and Week 8
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Change in functional aerobic capacity assessed using the Incremental Shuttle Walk Test.
The outcome is the total distance walked during the Incremental Shuttle Walk Test, measured in meters (m).
Minimum value: 0 meters.
There is no fixed maximum value.
Higher walking distances indicate better functional aerobic capacity (better outcome).
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Baseline and Week 8
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500-Meter Rowing Ergometer Performance
Časové okno: Baseline and Week 8
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Change in performance assessed using the 500-Meter Rowing Ergometer Test.
The outcome is the time required to complete a 500-meter rowing ergometer test, measured in seconds (s).
Minimum value: 0 seconds.
There is no fixed maximum value.
Lower completion times indicate better rowing performance (better outcome), whereas higher completion times indicate poorer rowing performance (worse outcome).
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Baseline and Week 8
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Back and Leg Muscle Strength
Časové okno: Baseline and Week 8
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Change in maximal isometric back and leg muscle strength measured using a back-leg dynamometer.
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Baseline and Week 8
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Lower Limb Muscle Power
Časové okno: Baseline and Week 8
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Change in lower limb muscle power assessed using the Countermovement Jump Test.
The outcome is the maximum jump height measured in centimeters (cm).
Minimum value: 0 cm.
There is no fixed maximum value.
Higher values indicate greater lower limb muscle power (better outcome).
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Baseline and Week 8
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Core Stability
Časové okno: Baseline and Week 8
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Change in core stability assessed using the Plank Test.
The outcome is the maximum time the plank position is maintained, measured in seconds (s).
Minimum value: 0 seconds.
There is no fixed maximum value.
Higher values indicate better core stability and trunk muscular endurance (better outcome), whereas lower values indicate poorer core stability (worse outcome).
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Baseline and Week 8
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Flexibility
Časové okno: Baseline and Week 8
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Change in flexibility assessed using the Sit-and-Reach Test.
The outcome is the maximum reach distance measured in centimeters (cm).
Minimum value: 0 cm.
There is no fixed maximum value.
Higher values indicate greater flexibility (better outcome), whereas lower values indicate reduced flexibility (worse outcome).
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Baseline and Week 8
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Agility
Časové okno: Baseline and Week 8
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Change in agility assessed using the T-Test.
The outcome is the time required to complete the T-Test, measured in seconds (s).
Minimum value: 0 seconds.
There is no fixed maximum value.
Lower completion times indicate better agility (better outcome), whereas higher completion times indicate poorer agility (worse outcome).
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Baseline and Week 8
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Postural Alignment
Časové okno: Baseline and Week 8
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Change in postural alignment assessed using the PostureScreen® application.
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Baseline and Week 8
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30-Second Push-Up Test
Časové okno: Baseline and Week 8
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Change in upper body muscular endurance assessed using the 30-Second Push-Up Test.
The outcome is the total number of correctly completed push-up repetitions performed in 30 seconds.
Minimum value: 0 repetitions.
There is no fixed maximum value.
Higher values indicate better upper body muscular endurance (better outcome).
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Baseline and Week 8
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30-Second Sit-Up Test
Časové okno: Baseline and Week 8
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Change in abdominal muscular endurance assessed using the 30-Second Sit-Up Test.
The outcome is the total number of correctly completed sit-up repetitions performed in 30 seconds.
Minimum value: 0 repetitions.
There is no fixed maximum value.
Higher values indicate better abdominal muscular endurance (better outcome).
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Baseline and Week 8
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