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Patient-Reported Probiotic Use During Periodontal Therapy in Periodontitis

27. maj 2026 opdateret af: Merve Can, Medipol University

Patient-Reported Probiotic Use During Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy in Stage III Grade B Periodontitis: Clinical Findings, Oral Health Impact and Behavioral Correlates

Most previous studies have evaluated standardized probiotic regimens as adjuncts to NSPT (Ausenda et al., 2023; Hardan et al., 2022; Mauriello et al., 2025). Less is known about how real-world probiotic product use during periodontal care relates simultaneously to clinical outcomes, OHRQoL and patient-level behavioral factors such as knowledge, acceptance, previous recommendation and product/form preferences. Therefore, the aim of this prospective observational study was to compare periodontal clinical and OHRQoL outcomes at 1 and 3 months after NSPT between patients with Stage III Grade B periodontitis who reported probiotic supplement or commercially labelled probiotic product use and those who reported no such use. A secondary aim was to evaluate whether pre-treatment probiotic knowledge/familiarity, attitudes, previous probiotic recommendation, acceptance profile and product/form preferences were associated with reported probiotic product use.

This study hypothesized that reported probiotic product use during the NSPT period would be associated with lower short-term periodontal burden and better OHRQoL outcomes, and that pre-treatment probiotic familiarity and acceptance would be associated with reported use.

Studieoversigt

Status

Afsluttet

Betingelser

Intervention / Behandling

Detaljeret beskrivelse

This study included 130 stage 3 grade b periodontitis patients, classified as self-reported probiotic product users or non-users (n = 65 each). Periodontitis was defined by detectable interdental CAL at two or more non-adjacent teeth. Stage III Grade B periodontitis was defined by interdental CAL ≥5 mm at the site of greatest loss, with grading based on a bone loss/age ratio of 0.25-1.00.

All patients received routine non surgical periodontal therapy, including individualized oral hygiene instruction and supra- and subgingival mechanical debridement/root surface instrumentation where indicated.

The study did not include an investigator-assigned probiotic intervention. No probiotic strain, dose, formulation, frequency, duration or adherence protocol was prescribed as part of the study. Group classification was based on self-reported use of probiotic supplements or commercially labelled probiotic products during active periodontal treatment and post-treatment follow-up. Patients who reported such use were classified as probiotic product users, whereas those reporting no probiotic supplement or commercially labelled probiotic product use during the same interval were classified as non-users. Traditional homemade fermented foods, including homemade yogurt, kefir, pickles, vinegar, sourdough products and boza, were recorded as dietary fermented-food habits when reported but were not used to define probiotic exposure because strain composition, colony-forming unit content, microbial viability, dose and consistency of intake could not be verified (FAO/WHO, 2002; Hill et al., 2014; Sahin, 2026). Therefore, the exposure represented self-reported real-world probiotic-labelled product use rather than standardized probiotic intake.

Plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), sites with PPD ≥5 mm and the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) were recorded at baseline, 1 month and 3 months. Probiotic-related knowledge,attitudes and acceptance were assessed using questionnaires.

Undersøgelsestype

Observationel

Tilmelding (Faktiske)

130

Kontakter og lokationer

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Studiesteder

  • Forenede Stater
    • Minnesota
      • Minneapolis, Minnesota, Forenede Stater, 55455
        • University of Minnesota School of Dentistry

Deltagelseskriterier

Forskere leder efter personer, der passer til en bestemt beskrivelse, kaldet berettigelseskriterier. Nogle eksempler på disse kriterier er en persons generelle helbredstilstand eller tidligere behandlinger.

Berettigelseskriterier

Aldre berettiget til at studere

  • Voksen
  • Ældre voksen

Tager imod sunde frivillige

Ingen

Prøveudtagningsmetode

Ikke-sandsynlighedsprøve

Studiebefolkning

Patients with stage 3 grade b periodontitis who applied to the Periodontology Department of Istanbul Medipol University Faculty of Dentistry

Beskrivelse

Inclusion Criteria:

Adults aged 18-70 years. Presence of at least 20 natural teeth. Diagnosis of Stage III Grade B periodontitis. Periodontitis defined as detectable interdental clinical attachment loss at two or more non-adjacent teeth.

Stage III periodontitis defined as interdental clinical attachment loss ≥5 mm at the site of greatest loss.

Grade B periodontitis defined by a bone loss/age ratio of 0.25-1.00. Availability for baseline, 1-month, and 3-month clinical and questionnaire evaluations.

Exclusion Criteria:

Use of systemic antibiotics within the previous 3 months. Periodontal treatment within the previous 6 months. Presence of systemic disease. Pregnancy or lactation. Severe cognitive or psychiatric conditions that could interfere with questionnaire completion or follow-up.

Studieplan

Dette afsnit indeholder detaljer om studieplanen, herunder hvordan undersøgelsen er designet, og hvad undersøgelsen måler.

Hvordan er undersøgelsen tilrettelagt?

Design detaljer

Kohorter og interventioner

Gruppe / kohorte
Intervention / Behandling
Self-reported probiotic product users with periodontitis
Stage 3 Grabe B Periodontitis patients who reported such use were classified as probiotic product users. All patients received routine non-surgical periodontal therapy, including individualized oral hygiene instruction and supra- and subgingival mechanical debridement/root surface instrumentation where indicated. Eligible participants were 18-70 years of age, had at least 20 natural teeth, were diagnosed with Stage III Grade B periodontitis and were available for baseline, 1-month and 3-month evaluations. Patients were excluded if they had used systemic antibiotics within the previous 3 months, had received periodontal treatment within the previous 6 months, had systemic disease, were pregnant or lactating, or had severe cognitive or psychiatric conditions that could interfere with questionnaire completion or follow-up.
Procedure: non surgical periodontal therapy
All patients received routine NSPT, including individualized oral hygiene instruction and supra- and subgingival mechanical debridement/root surface instrumentation where indicated (Herrera et al., 2020; Suvan et al., 2020). All NSPT procedures were performed by the same periodontist (M.C.).
Andre navne:
  • non surgical periodontal treatment
Non-users probiotic with periodontitis
Stage 3 Grabe B Periodontitis patients who those reporting no probiotic supplement or commercially labelled probiotic product use during the same interval were classified as non-users. All patients received routine non-surgical periodontal therapy, including individualized oral hygiene instruction and supra- and subgingival mechanical debridement/root surface instrumentation where indicated. Eligible participants were 18-70 years of age, had at least 20 natural teeth, were diagnosed with Stage III Grade B periodontitis and were available for baseline, 1-month and 3-month evaluations. Patients were excluded if they had used systemic antibiotics within the previous 3 months, had received periodontal treatment within the previous 6 months, had systemic disease, were pregnant or lactating, or had severe cognitive or psychiatric conditions that could interfere with questionnaire completion or follow-up.
Procedure: non surgical periodontal therapy
All patients received routine NSPT, including individualized oral hygiene instruction and supra- and subgingival mechanical debridement/root surface instrumentation where indicated (Herrera et al., 2020; Suvan et al., 2020). All NSPT procedures were performed by the same periodontist (M.C.).
Andre navne:
  • non surgical periodontal treatment

Hvad måler undersøgelsen?

Primære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Change from Baseline in Silness and Löe Plaque Index Score
Tidsramme: before treatment, 1 month and 3 months after treatment
Plaque accumulation will be assessed using the Silness and Löe Plaque Index during clinical periodontal examination with a Williams periodontal probe. Plaque will be scored from 0 to 3 at the gingival margin, with higher scores indicating greater plaque accumulation. The outcome will be expressed as the mean plaque index score per patient.
before treatment, 1 month and 3 months after treatment
Change from Baseline in Percentage of Bleeding Sites
Tidsramme: before treatment, 1 month and 3 months after treatment
Bleeding on probing will be assessed using a Williams periodontal probe and recorded dichotomously as present (+) or absent (-) at each periodontal site within 10 seconds after gentle probing. The outcome will be expressed as the percentage of bleeding sites per patient.
before treatment, 1 month and 3 months after treatment
Change from Baseline in Probing Pocket Depth in Millimeters
Tidsramme: before treatment, 1 month and 3 months after treatment
Probing pocket depth will be measured in millimeters (mm) using a Williams periodontal probe as the distance from the gingival margin to the base of the periodontal pocket. The outcome will be expressed as the mean probing pocket depth per patient.
before treatment, 1 month and 3 months after treatment
Change from Baseline in Clinical Attachment Level in Millimeters
Tidsramme: before treatment, 1 month and 3 months after treatment
Clinical attachment level will be measured in millimeters (mm) using a Williams periodontal probe as the distance from the cemento-enamel junction to the base of the periodontal pocket. The outcome will be expressed as the mean clinical attachment level per patient.
before treatment, 1 month and 3 months after treatment
Change from Baseline in 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile Total scores
Tidsramme: before treatment, 1 month and 3 months after treatment
Oral health-related quality of life will be assessed using the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile questionnaire. Each item will be scored on a 1-to-5 Likert scale, and the total OHIP-14 score will be calculated by summing all item scores. The outcome will be expressed as a total score ranging from 14 to 70, with higher scores indicating poorer oral health-related quality of life.
before treatment, 1 month and 3 months after treatment

Sekundære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Percentage of Participants with Probiotic Familiarity
Tidsramme: before treatment, 1 month and 3 months after treatment
Probiotic familiarity will be assessed using an investigator-developed structured questionnaire evaluating whether participants have previously heard of probiotics or are familiar with probiotic products. The outcome will be expressed as the percentage of participants giving affirmative responses to probiotic familiarity items.
before treatment, 1 month and 3 months after treatment
Percentage of Participants Reporting Positive Attitudes Toward Probiotics
Tidsramme: before treatment, 1 month and 3 months after treatment
Probiotic-related attitudes will be assessed using an investigator-developed structured questionnaire evaluating participants' perceptions of the potential benefits of probiotics for oral and periodontal health. The outcome will be expressed as the percentage of participants giving affirmative responses to positive attitude items.
before treatment, 1 month and 3 months after treatment
Percentage of Participants Accepting Probiotic Use as an Adjunct to Periodontal Care
Tidsramme: before treatment, 1 month and 3 months after treatment
Probiotic acceptance will be assessed using an investigator-developed structured questionnaire evaluating participants' willingness to use probiotic products as an adjunct to periodontal treatment. The outcome will be expressed as the percentage of participants reporting acceptance or willingness to use probiotics during periodontal care.
before treatment, 1 month and 3 months after treatment

Samarbejdspartnere og efterforskere

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Sponsor

Medipol University

Efterforskere

  • Studiestol: Alpdogan Kantarci, University of Minnesota

Publikationer og nyttige links

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Generelle publikationer

Datoer for undersøgelser

Disse datoer sporer fremskridtene for indsendelser af undersøgelsesrekord og resumeresultater til ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieregistreringer og rapporterede resultater gennemgås af National Library of Medicine (NLM) for at sikre, at de opfylder specifikke kvalitetskontrolstandarder, før de offentliggøres på den offentlige hjemmeside.

Studer store datoer

Studiestart (Faktiske)

20. december 2025

Primær færdiggørelse (Faktiske)

25. april 2026

Studieafslutning (Faktiske)

30. april 2026

Datoer for studieregistrering

Først indsendt

20. maj 2026

Først indsendt, der opfyldte QC-kriterier

27. maj 2026

Først opslået (Faktiske)

1. juni 2026

Opdateringer af undersøgelsesjournaler

Sidste opdatering sendt (Faktiske)

1. juni 2026

Sidste opdatering indsendt, der opfyldte kvalitetskontrolkriterier

27. maj 2026

Sidst verificeret

1. maj 2026

Mere information

Begreber relateret til denne undersøgelse

Nøgleord

Yderligere relevante MeSH-vilkår

Andre undersøgelses-id-numre

  • 1553; 11.12.2025

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