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Combined Regulatory Effects of 40 Hz eTNS and Multisensory Stimulation on Brain Networks

28. juni 2026 opdateret af: Xidian University

A Study on the Enhancing Effects of 40 Hz Combined Trigeminal-Sensory Stimulation on Working Memory

The purpose of this study is to investigate the independent and interactive effects of 40Hz auditory, visual, and external trigeminal nerve stimulation (eTNS) on brain state dynamics and functional connectivity. While 40Hz visual and auditory sensory stimulation have been explored for potential cognitive and therapeutic benefits, the underlying mechanisms on large-scale brain networks and the potential effects of combining multiple modalities remain unclear.

This study aims to determine whether multimodal co-stimulation genuinely compounds network-level effects or if targeted dual-pairings are more efficient for brain network reorganization. In this within-subject study, 23 participants will receive all eight possible combinations of 40Hz auditory, visual, and eTNS (targeting the maxillary branch) in a randomized order. Each stimulation condition will last for 5 minutes, separated by 1-minute inter-stimulus intervals. Continuous electroencephalography (EEG) will be recorded throughout the procedures to evaluate brain responses. The collected EEG data will be analyzed using microstate analysis, functional connectivity analysis, and graph-theoretic network analysis. Ultimately, the study seeks to understand how these non-invasive stimulation techniques, independently and together, drive large-scale network reorganization and optimize the balance between local specialization and global integration in the brain.

Studieoversigt

Status

Rekruttering

Betingelser

Intervention / Behandling

Detaljeret beskrivelse

Physical neuromodulation at 40 Hz has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach, with visual and auditory stimulation demonstrating the capacity to entrain gamma oscillations and confer cognitive benefits. Analogous effects have also been observed with electrical approaches, including external trigeminal nerve stimulation (eTNS). While the prevailing assumption in the field suggests that combining multiple sensory modalities will more comprehensively recruit distributed brain circuitry and yield greater therapeutic effects, the mechanistic foundations of this additive hypothesis remain contested. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that network-level reorganization, rather than localized gamma entrainment, may represent a more causally relevant substrate for these cognitive improvements.

This study is designed to systematically characterize the independent and interactive effects of 40Hz auditory, visual, and eTNS stimulation on brain state dynamics, functional connectivity, and graph-theoretic network properties. The trial employs a fully crossed 2×2×2 within-subject design. A total of 23 participants will undergo all eight possible combinations of 40Hz stimulation modalities: sham (no stimulation), auditory only, visual only, eTNS only, auditory + visual, auditory + eTNS, visual + eTNS, and the three-way combination of auditory + visual + eTNS.

During the experimental session, the eTNS will specifically target the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve. The eight stimulation conditions will be administered in a randomized order for each participant. Each stimulation block will last for 5 minutes, separated by 1-minute inter-stimulus intervals to prevent carry-over effects.

Continuous electroencephalography (EEG) will be recorded throughout the session using a 32-channel eego™ mylab system (ANT Neuro, Netherlands) to capture real-time cortical responses. Following data acquisition, standard preprocessing pipelines will be applied, including notch filtering, 0.5-45Hz bandpass filtering, average re-referencing, ICA-based artifact rejection, and bad channel interpolation.

Undersøgelsestype

Interventionel

Tilmelding (Anslået)

30

Fase

  • Ikke anvendelig

Kontakter og lokationer

Dette afsnit indeholder kontaktoplysninger for dem, der udfører undersøgelsen, og oplysninger om, hvor denne undersøgelse udføres.

Studiekontakt

Undersøgelse Kontakt Backup

Studiesteder

  • Kina
    • Shaanxi
      • Xi'an, Shaanxi, Kina, 71000

Deltagelseskriterier

Forskere leder efter personer, der passer til en bestemt beskrivelse, kaldet berettigelseskriterier. Nogle eksempler på disse kriterier er en persons generelle helbredstilstand eller tidligere behandlinger.

Berettigelseskriterier

Aldre berettiget til at studere

  • Voksen
  • Ældre voksen

Tager imod sunde frivillige

Ja

Beskrivelse

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Healthy adults aged ≥18 years old.
  • Normal or corrected-to-normal vision and hearing (essential for 40Hz visual and auditory stimulation).
  • Right-handedness.
  • Willing to participate in the study and capable of providing written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Personal or family history of epilepsy or seizures (crucial safety criteria for 40Hz flicker and electrical stimulation).
  • History of any neurological or psychiatric disorders.
  • Presence of metallic implants in the head, cardiac pacemakers, or other implanted electronic medical devices.
  • Skin lesions, infections, or hypersensitivity at the eTNS stimulation site (maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve).
  • Current use of psychoactive medications or substances that may significantly alter EEG signals or brain state dynamics.
  • Pregnant or lactating individuals.
  • Poor sleep quality or irregular sleep-wake cycles prior to the experiment.

Studieplan

Dette afsnit indeholder detaljer om studieplanen, herunder hvordan undersøgelsen er designet, og hvad undersøgelsen måler.

Hvordan er undersøgelsen tilrettelagt?

Design detaljer

  • Primært formål: Grundvidenskab
  • Tildeling: N/A
  • Interventionel model: Enkelt gruppeopgave
  • Maskning: Ingen (Åben etiket)

Våben og indgreb

Deltagergruppe / Arm
Intervention / Behandling
Eksperimentel: Experimental Crossover Group
All participants are enrolled in this single crossover arm. Each participant will receive all eight combinations of 40Hz stimulation (auditory, visual, and external trigeminal nerve stimulation [eTNS] targeting the maxillary branch) in a randomized order, including a sham condition. Each stimulation condition lasts for 5 minutes, separated by 1-minute inter-stimulus intervals.
Enhed: 40 Hz External Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation
Electrical stimulation targeting the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve at a frequency of 40 Hz
Enhed: 40 Hz Auditory Stimulation
Auditory sensory stimulation delivered at 40 Hz for 5-minute durations
Enhed: 40 Hz Visual Stimulation
Visual sensory stimulation delivered at a frequency of 40 Hz for 5-minute durations
Andet: Sham Stimulation
Inactive control stimulation designed to mimic the sensory experience of the active modalities without delivering actual 40 Hz therapeutic stimulation

Hvad måler undersøgelsen?

Primære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Tidsramme
Whole-Brain Functional Connectivity (Phase-Locking Value)
Tidsramme: Day1 (during the single experimental session)
Day1 (during the single experimental session)

Sekundære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
EEG Microstate Dynamics (Mean Duration and Segment Density)
Tidsramme: Up to 1 hour (during the single experimental session)
Brain state dynamics evaluated via microstate analysis of global field power (GFP) peaks. Primary metrics extracted include the mean duration and segment density (occurrence rate per minute) of identified microstate classes to assess modality-specific regulation.
Up to 1 hour (during the single experimental session)
EEG Phase-Locking Value (PLV)-Derived Global Efficiency
Tidsramme: Day1 (during the single experimental session)
Continuous electroencephalography (EEG) data will be recorded. The specific parameter extracted from the EEG is the Phase-Locking Value (PLV) across theta (4-7Hz), alpha (8-12Hz), beta (13-30Hz), and gamma (31-45Hz) frequency bands. These PLV functional connectivity matrices will be used to construct weighted brain networks across a sparsity threshold range of 0.1 to 0.5. Global efficiency, a graph-theoretic metric representing network-wide communication integration, will then be calculated and reported based on these PLV networks.
Day1 (during the single experimental session)
EEG Phase-Locking Value (PLV)-Derived Small-World Propensity
Tidsramme: Day 1 (during the single experimental session)
Continuous electroencephalography (EEG) data will be recorded. The specific parameter extracted from the EEG is the Phase-Locking Value (PLV) across theta (4-7Hz), alpha (8-12Hz), beta (13-30Hz), and gamma (31-45Hz) frequency bands. These PLV functional connectivity matrices will be used to construct weighted brain networks across a sparsity threshold range of 0.1 to 0.5. Small-world propensity, a graph-theoretic metric evaluating the balance between local network specialization and global integration, will then be calculated and reported based on these PLV networks.
Day 1 (during the single experimental session)

Samarbejdspartnere og efterforskere

Det er her, du vil finde personer og organisationer, der er involveret i denne undersøgelse.

Sponsor

Xidian University

Samarbejdspartnere

Xi'an Central Hospital

Efterforskere

  • Ledende efterforsker: Xue-Juan Yang, Xidian University

Datoer for undersøgelser

Disse datoer sporer fremskridtene for indsendelser af undersøgelsesrekord og resumeresultater til ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieregistreringer og rapporterede resultater gennemgås af National Library of Medicine (NLM) for at sikre, at de opfylder specifikke kvalitetskontrolstandarder, før de offentliggøres på den offentlige hjemmeside.

Studer store datoer

Studiestart (Faktiske)

16. juni 2026

Primær færdiggørelse (Faktiske)

22. juni 2026

Studieafslutning (Anslået)

23. juni 2026

Datoer for studieregistrering

Først indsendt

12. juni 2026

Først indsendt, der opfyldte QC-kriterier

21. juni 2026

Først opslået (Faktiske)

25. juni 2026

Opdateringer af undersøgelsesjournaler

Sidste opdatering sendt (Faktiske)

1. juli 2026

Sidste opdatering indsendt, der opfyldte kvalitetskontrolkriterier

28. juni 2026

Sidst verificeret

1. juni 2026

Mere information

Begreber relateret til denne undersøgelse

Nøgleord

Andre undersøgelses-id-numre

  • 20260612

Plan for individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)

Planlægger du at dele individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)?

INGEN

IPD-planbeskrivelse

Individual participant data (IPD), particularly raw continuous electrophysiological recordings (EEG), contains sensitive and potentially identifiable biometric information. In accordance with institutional data security policies and ethical guidelines regarding participant privacy, raw IPD will not be made publicly available. However, aggregated statistical data and summary results will be published in peer-reviewed journals. De-identified, summary-level data or analytical scripts may be shared by the corresponding author upon reasonable academic request, subject to formal institutional review and approval.

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