Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Responses During Rapid Maxillary Expansion: A Controlled Clinical Study
Rapid maxillary expansion is an orthopedic treatment used to correct transverse maxillary deficiency in growing patients. Mechanical forces generated during expansion may induce local biological responses, including changes in oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanisms.
This prospective, non-randomized, controlled pilot study evaluated changes in oxidative and antioxidant biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid during rapid maxillary expansion and the early retention period. Twenty-eight participants aged 10 to 13 years were included: 14 patients undergoing rapid maxillary expansion and 14 age- and sex-matched untreated controls.
Gingival crevicular fluid samples and periodontal measurements were collected at six corresponding time points. Malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and vitamin C were measured. The study aimed to characterize local biochemical changes associated with the treatment period and to compare their longitudinal patterns with those observed in untreated controls.
Tutkimuksen yleiskatsaus
Tila
Interventio / Hoito
Yksityiskohtainen kuvaus
Rapid maxillary expansion is widely used to correct transverse maxillary deficiency in growing patients. Although its skeletal and dentoalveolar effects are well established, the local biochemical responses associated with active expansion and early retention remain incompletely characterized. Mechanical loading may increase the production of reactive oxygen species and alter antioxidant defense mechanisms within periodontal tissues.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate longitudinal changes in oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarkers measured in gingival crevicular fluid during rapid maxillary expansion and to compare these changes with those observed in an untreated control group.
Twenty-eight consecutively recruited orthodontic patients aged 10 to 13 years were included. Fourteen patients with a clinical indication for rapid maxillary expansion formed the intervention group. Fourteen untreated participants, matched by age and sex, formed the control group. Treatment allocation was not randomized because the decision to perform rapid maxillary expansion was based on clinical need.
Participants in the intervention group were treated with a modified Hyrax rapid maxillary expander. The appliance was initially maintained without activation and was subsequently activated twice daily, corresponding to approximately 0.5 mm of expansion per day, until the planned expansion was achieved. After active expansion, the screw was stabilized with composite resin and the appliance was maintained as a retention device.
Clinical periodontal assessments and gingival crevicular fluid sampling were performed at six time points: baseline; 24 hours after appliance placement; 7 days after appliance placement during the passive phase; after 7 days of active expansion; after 14 days of active expansion; and after 3 months of retention. Control participants underwent the same assessment schedule without orthodontic intervention.
Gingival crevicular fluid was analyzed for malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase activity, and vitamin C. Biomarker values were normalized to total protein concentration. Periodontal measurements included gingival index, plaque index, probing depth, and keratinized tissue percentage.
The study was exploratory and no formal prospective sample size calculation was performed. The findings were intended to characterize local biochemical changes in gingival crevicular fluid and were not designed to provide direct evidence of skeletal or midpalatal suture remodeling.
Opintotyyppi
Ilmoittautuminen (Todellinen)
Vaihe
- Ei sovellettavissa
Yhteystiedot ja paikat
Opiskelupaikat
-
-
-
Izmir, Turkki (Türkiye), 35140
- Izmir Democracy University
-
-
Osallistumiskriteerit
Kelpoisuusvaatimukset
Opintokelpoiset iät
- Lapsi
Hyväksyy terveitä vapaaehtoisia
Kuvaus
Inclusion Criteria:
- Age between 10 and 13 years.
- Good general health.
- Fully erupted maxillary premolars.
- Healthy periodontal status, with probing depth of 3 mm or less.
- For the intervention group, a clinical indication for rapid maxillary expansion.
- For the control group, no orthodontic treatment planned during the observation period.
- Ability to comply with the clinical examination and gingival crevicular fluid sampling schedule.
- Written informed consent from the participant's parent or legal guardian and assent from the participant, where applicable.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Systemic disease.
- Current medication use that could influence periodontal, inflammatory, or oxidative status.
- Active periodontal disease.
- Probing depth greater than 3 mm.
- Inability to comply with the oral hygiene protocol or study visits.
Opintosuunnitelma
Miten tutkimus on suunniteltu?
Suunnittelun yksityiskohdat
- Ensisijainen käyttötarkoitus: Hoito
- Jako: Ei satunnaistettu
- Inventiomalli: Rinnakkaistehtävä
- Naamiointi: Ei mitään (avoin tarra)
Aseet ja interventiot
Osallistujaryhmä / Arm |
Interventio / Hoito |
|---|---|
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Ei väliintuloa: No intervention
Age- and sex-matched participants who did not receive orthodontic treatment during the observation period.
Participants underwent the same periodontal examinations and gingival crevicular fluid sampling schedule as the intervention group.
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Kokeellinen: Expansion
A tooth-borne rapid maxillary expansion appliance with bands cemented to the maxillary permanent first molars and palatal bars connecting the premolar and molar regions to the expansion screw.
The screw was activated twice daily, corresponding to approximately 0.5 mm of expansion per day, until the clinically planned expansion was achieved.
The screw was subsequently stabilized with composite resin and the appliance was maintained during the retention period.
|
A tooth-borne rapid maxillary expansion appliance with bands cemented to the maxillary permanent first molars and palatal bars connecting the premolar and molar regions to the expansion screw.
The screw was activated twice daily, corresponding to approximately 0.5 mm of expansion per day, until the clinically planned expansion was achieved.
The screw was subsequently stabilized with composite resin and the appliance was maintained during the retention period.
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Mitä tutkimuksessa mitataan?
Ensisijaiset tulostoimenpiteet
Tulosmittaus |
Toimenpiteen kuvaus |
Aikaikkuna |
|---|---|---|
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Change in gingival crevicular fluid malondialdehyde level
Aikaikkuna: Baseline; 24 hours after appliance placement; 7 days after appliance placement; after 7 days of active expansion; after 14 days of active expansion; and after 3 months of retention.
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Malondialdehyde in gingival crevicular fluid was assessed using a thiobarbituric acid reactive substances method and normalized to total protein concentration.
Higher values indicate greater local lipid peroxidation.
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Baseline; 24 hours after appliance placement; 7 days after appliance placement; after 7 days of active expansion; after 14 days of active expansion; and after 3 months of retention.
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Toissijaiset tulostoimenpiteet
Tulosmittaus |
Toimenpiteen kuvaus |
Aikaikkuna |
|---|---|---|
|
Change in gingival crevicular fluid reduced glutathione level
Aikaikkuna: Baseline; 24 hours after appliance placement; 7 days after appliance placement; after 7 days of active expansion; after 14 days of active expansion; and after 3 months of retention.
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Reduced glutathione was measured spectrophotometrically and normalized to total protein concentration
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Baseline; 24 hours after appliance placement; 7 days after appliance placement; after 7 days of active expansion; after 14 days of active expansion; and after 3 months of retention.
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Change in gingival crevicular fluid glutathione peroxidase activity
Aikaikkuna: Baseline; 24 hours after appliance placement; 7 days after appliance placement; after 7 days of active expansion; after 14 days of active expansion; and after 3 months of retention.
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Glutathione peroxidase activity was measured spectrophotometrically and normalized to total protein concentration
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Baseline; 24 hours after appliance placement; 7 days after appliance placement; after 7 days of active expansion; after 14 days of active expansion; and after 3 months of retention.
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Change in gingival crevicular fluid vitamin C level
Aikaikkuna: Baseline; 24 hours after appliance placement; 7 days after appliance placement; after 7 days of active expansion; after 14 days of active expansion; and after 3 months of retention.
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Vitamin C was measured using a colorimetric spectrophotometric method and normalized to total protein concentration.
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Baseline; 24 hours after appliance placement; 7 days after appliance placement; after 7 days of active expansion; after 14 days of active expansion; and after 3 months of retention.
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Yhteistyökumppanit ja tutkijat
Sponsori
Yhteistyökumppanit
Opintojen ennätyspäivät
Opi tärkeimmät päivämäärät
Opiskelun aloitus (Todellinen)
Ensisijainen valmistuminen (Todellinen)
Opintojen valmistuminen (Todellinen)
Opintoihin ilmoittautumispäivät
Ensimmäinen lähetetty
Ensimmäinen toimitettu, joka täytti QC-kriteerit
Ensimmäinen Lähetetty (Todellinen)
Tutkimustietojen päivitykset
Viimeisin päivitys julkaistu (Todellinen)
Viimeisin lähetetty päivitys, joka täytti QC-kriteerit
Viimeksi vahvistettu
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