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Determining the Relationship Between Posture, Muscle Stiffness, Pain, and Jaw Functionality in Individuals With Bruxism (Bruxism)

28 avril 2026 mis à jour par: Emine Nur Demircan, Istanbul Kent University

Determining the Relationship Between Posture, Muscle Stiffness, Pain, and Jaw Functionality in Individuals With Bruxism: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

Bruxism is a repetitive jaw-muscle activity characterized by teeth clenching and/or grinding, often associated with temporomandibular joint dysfunction, pain, and impaired jaw function. This cross-sectional comparative study aims to investigate the relationship between jaw functionality, posture, muscle stiffness, pain, perceived stress, and sleep quality in young adults with bruxism. A total of 48 participants will be included: 24 individuals with clinically confirmed bruxism and 24 healthy controls.

Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics will be recorded using a Bruxism Assessment Form developed by dentists and physiotherapists. Posture will be assessed with the PostureScreen Mobile® application; pain intensity and thresholds will be measured using a digital algometer; masseter, temporalis, and trapezius muscle stiffness will be evaluated with a MyotonPro device. Perceived stress will be assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale-10, sleep quality with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and functional jaw limitation with the Jaw Functional Limitation Scale-20.

Statistical analysis will be performed using SPSS (Version 20.0). Between-group comparisons will be made using t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests depending on distribution. Correlation analyses (Pearson or Spearman) will be used to evaluate associations among variables.

The primary outcome is to determine the relationship between jaw functionality, posture, muscle stiffness, and pain in individuals with bruxism. Secondary outcomes include the associations of sleep quality and perceived stress with these parameters. This study will provide novel insights into the multidimensional impact of bruxism and may guide future preventive and rehabilitative strategies.

Aperçu de l'étude

Statut

Complété

Les conditions

Intervention / Traitement

Description détaillée

Bruxism is a repetitive jaw-muscle activity, characterized by teeth clenching or grinding, that may occur during sleep or wakefulness. It is associated with temporomandibular disorders, increased muscle activity, pain, impaired jaw function, and reduced quality of life. Although bruxism has been linked to psychological factors such as stress and sleep disturbances, the relationship between jaw functionality, posture, muscle stiffness, and pain remains unclear.

This cross-sectional comparative study will include 48 young adults, consisting of 24 individuals with clinically confirmed bruxism and 24 age-matched healthy controls. Participants will undergo a comprehensive evaluation process. Bruxism will be confirmed by a dental specialist through clinical examination combined with a standardized Bruxism Assessment Questionnaire. Clinical and sociodemographic data will be collected with a patient assessment form.

Outcome measures will include:

Posture assessment: PostureScreen Mobile® application, using standardized digital imaging.

Pain assessment: Pain intensity and thresholds measured with a digital algometer on masseter, temporalis, trapezius muscles, and temporomandibular joint regions.

Muscle stiffness: Quantified with the MyotonPro device on jaw and neck muscles.

Perceived stress: Evaluated using the Perceived Stress Scale-10.

Sleep quality: Assessed with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale.

Jaw functionality: Evaluated with the Jaw Functional Limitation Scale-20.

Data will be analyzed with SPSS (Version 20.0). Normality will be tested with Shapiro-Wilk. Depending on distribution, parametric or non-parametric tests (Independent Samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U test) will be applied for between-group comparisons. Correlation analyses (Pearson or Spearman) will explore associations among variables. A significance level of p<0.05 will be adopted.

The primary objective is to determine the relationship between jaw functionality, posture, muscle stiffness, and pain in individuals with bruxism. The secondary objective is to examine the impact of perceived stress and sleep quality on these parameters and to compare findings with a healthy control group.

This study is expected to fill a gap in the literature by providing evidence on the multifactorial associations between bruxism, postural control, muscle characteristics, and psychosocial factors. Findings may contribute to the development of multidisciplinary preventive and therapeutic strategies in dentistry, physiotherapy, and rehabilitation.

Type d'étude

Observationnel

Inscription (Réel)

50

Contacts et emplacements

Cette section fournit les coordonnées de ceux qui mènent l'étude et des informations sur le lieu où cette étude est menée.

Lieux d'étude

Critères de participation

Les chercheurs recherchent des personnes qui correspondent à une certaine description, appelée critères d'éligibilité. Certains exemples de ces critères sont l'état de santé général d'une personne ou des traitements antérieurs.

Critère d'éligibilité

Âges éligibles pour étudier

  • Adulte

Accepte les volontaires sains

Oui

Méthode d'échantillonnage

Échantillon non probabiliste

Population étudiée

In the literature, a moderate correlation has been found between the jaw functional limitation scale and pain level in temporomandibular joint dysfunction (r=0.3-0.4). Based on the results of the relevant study, G-power analysis was used to calculate the sample size. The expected effect size for our study was considered moderate at 80% power and an alpha value of 0.05 (effect size=0.4), and we planned to include 24 bruxism patients and 24 healthy individuals.

La description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Individuals diagnosed with bruxism following a physical examination and assessment questionnaire administered by a specialist dentist were included in the study.
  • Being between the ages of 18 and 30
  • Having jaw pain that has persisted for at least 3 months
  • Patients who described pain in the face, temporal region, or ear, and who had pain detected in the masticatory muscles upon palpation.
  • Volunteering to participate in the study
  • Cooperative individuals with whom mutual communication is possible
  • Literate

Exclusion Criteria:

  • History of surgery or trauma to the maxillofacial region
  • Active infection in the maxillofacial region
  • Presence of cysts, tumors, or malignant pathologies affecting the TMJ region and muscles
  • Presence of systemic rheumatic disease or musculoskeletal diseases affecting the bones
  • Presence of any neurological problem that would preclude evaluations
  • Diagnosis of any psychiatric disorder
  • Receiving physiotherapy or other treatment methods for the TMJ or cervical spinal region within the last 6 months

Plan d'étude

Cette section fournit des détails sur le plan d'étude, y compris la façon dont l'étude est conçue et ce que l'étude mesure.

Comment l'étude est-elle conçue ?

Détails de conception

Cohortes et interventions

Groupe / Cohorte
Intervention / Traitement
Bruxism
24 patients diagnosed with bruxism will be included.
Autre: Bruxism Assessment Form
To determine the presence of bruxism, the Bruxism Assessment Questionnaire, adapted from internationally accepted scales, will be administered. The questionnaire includes seven questions regarding both sleep and daytime bruxism. The questions were developed based on similar studies. Based on their responses, participants will be classified as having a low, moderate, or high risk of bruxism.
Autres noms:
  • Bruxism Assessment Questionnaire
Autre: Clinical Examination

Participants will undergo a detailed clinical examination by a dentist to diagnose bruxism. The clinical evaluation will be based on the following parameters: a dental examination, a muscle examination, and a jaw joint examination.

The dental examination will assess tooth wear, cervical wear, scalloping at the edge of the tongue, the presence of linea alba in the buccal mucosa, and palpation of the masseter, temporalis, and suprahyoid muscles.

The jaw joint examination will assess the diagnosis and severity of bruxism by combining mouth opening, clicking or crepitation in the jaw joint, clinical examination findings, and questionnaire scores. Based on the questionnaire and clinical examination results, participants will be divided into three groups: "Probable no bruxism," "Possible bruxism," and "Definite bruxism." A healthy group (n=24) will be formed from the "Probable no bruxism" group, and a patient group (n=24) will be formed from the "Definite bruxism" group.

Autre: Patient Evaluation Form
The patient evaluation form, developed by the researchers, will be evaluated in detail by the Specialist Dentist after the diagnosis is made. The patient will include the clinical characteristics of the disease, the patient's sociodemographic characteristics, the presence of a chronic or systemic disease, any medications used, the presence of deflection or deviation during mandibular depression, joint noise, the presence of trigger points in the masseter and temporal regions, jaw pain intensity using the Visual Analog Scale (upon waking, during eating, after eating, at bedtime, and temporal headache), and mandibular joint range of motion (painless, maximal, maximal assisted, right lateral and left lateral flexion, and protrusion) using a 10-cm ruler and digital calipers.
Autre: Perceived Stress Scale-10
The Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) questionnaire will be used to assess stress levels. The PSS-10 was developed by Cohen, Kamarck, and Mermelstein (1983). The PSS-10 is a 10-item self-report instrument designed to measure how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and stressful participants perceive their lives to be in the past month. Participants rate each item on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from "Never (0)" to "Very often (4)." Total scores range from 0 to 40, with higher scores indicating higher perceived stress levels. Items 6, 7, 9, and 10 are reverse-scored. Its validity and reliability in Turkish were conducted by Eskin et al.
Autres noms:
  • Échelle de stress perçu
Autre: Posture Assessment
The PostureScreen Mobile® app will be used to assess posture in a standing position. This app is specifically designed for healthcare professionals who want to objectively assess patients' posture, movement, and body composition. The app calculates a total of thirty-nine variables using images taken from four different angles. It generates an output file containing the calculated values for posture variables and provides visuals showing the positions of the digitized points relative to normal posture. For the posture assessment, participants will be positioned at a designated marked point and asked to stand in a comfortable, neutral posture. Photographs of each participant will be taken from four different angles using the iPad camera. Researchers will take each photo from a distance of 8 feet (approximately 2.4 meters) from the participant. The camera height is not standardized and will be adjusted according to the participant's height.
Autres noms:
  • Posture
Autre: Muscle Stiffness Assessment
Muscle stiffness will be assessed using the Myoton Digital Muscle Palpation Device in the masseter, upper trapezius, and temporalis muscles.
Autre: The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)
The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was developed by Johns and will be used to assess sleepiness in patients. The ESS is a four-point Likert-type scale. It is scored as 0, 1, 2, or 3, with higher scores indicating increased sleepiness. A score of 0-5 indicates normal daytime sleepiness, 6-10 indicates normal but increased daytime sleepiness, 11-12 indicates increased but moderate daytime sleepiness, 13-15 indicates increased moderate daytime sleepiness, and 16-24 indicates increased severe daytime sleepiness. The ESS is a valid and reliable scale for assessing overall sleepiness levels and can be used in studies on sleep and sleep disorders in Turkey (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86).
Autres noms:
  • The Epworth Sleepiness Scale
Autre: Jaw Function Limitation Scale-20 (MFFS-20)
The MFFS-20 questionnaire will be used to measure jaw function and limitations during various activities. The scale includes 20 items in the areas of chewing, vertical jaw mobility, and verbal and emotional expression. Items 1-6 address chewing, items 7-10 address vertical jaw mobility, and items 11-20 address verbal and emotional expression of limitations. Patients will be assessed for their limitations on each item using a numerical rating scale of 0 to 10. "0" corresponds to no limitation, and "10" corresponds to severe limitation.
Autre: Pain threshold assessment
Participants' pain sensitivity to pressure will be assessed using an algometer. A digital algometer (Commender Jtech Medical 801-478 USA) will be used for the assessment. The algometer will measure three times on the body of the masseter muscle, the anterior part of the temporalis muscle, the upper trapezius muscle, and the temporomandibular joint. The algometer will be placed perpendicular to these points, and participants will be asked to report the first time they experience pain. The average of the readings on the display will be read, and the pain threshold will be recorded in pounds (1kg = 2.2 pounds).
Healthy
24 healthy individuals will be included
Autre: Bruxism Assessment Form
To determine the presence of bruxism, the Bruxism Assessment Questionnaire, adapted from internationally accepted scales, will be administered. The questionnaire includes seven questions regarding both sleep and daytime bruxism. The questions were developed based on similar studies. Based on their responses, participants will be classified as having a low, moderate, or high risk of bruxism.
Autres noms:
  • Bruxism Assessment Questionnaire
Autre: Clinical Examination

Participants will undergo a detailed clinical examination by a dentist to diagnose bruxism. The clinical evaluation will be based on the following parameters: a dental examination, a muscle examination, and a jaw joint examination.

The dental examination will assess tooth wear, cervical wear, scalloping at the edge of the tongue, the presence of linea alba in the buccal mucosa, and palpation of the masseter, temporalis, and suprahyoid muscles.

The jaw joint examination will assess the diagnosis and severity of bruxism by combining mouth opening, clicking or crepitation in the jaw joint, clinical examination findings, and questionnaire scores. Based on the questionnaire and clinical examination results, participants will be divided into three groups: "Probable no bruxism," "Possible bruxism," and "Definite bruxism." A healthy group (n=24) will be formed from the "Probable no bruxism" group, and a patient group (n=24) will be formed from the "Definite bruxism" group.

Autre: Patient Evaluation Form
The patient evaluation form, developed by the researchers, will be evaluated in detail by the Specialist Dentist after the diagnosis is made. The patient will include the clinical characteristics of the disease, the patient's sociodemographic characteristics, the presence of a chronic or systemic disease, any medications used, the presence of deflection or deviation during mandibular depression, joint noise, the presence of trigger points in the masseter and temporal regions, jaw pain intensity using the Visual Analog Scale (upon waking, during eating, after eating, at bedtime, and temporal headache), and mandibular joint range of motion (painless, maximal, maximal assisted, right lateral and left lateral flexion, and protrusion) using a 10-cm ruler and digital calipers.
Autre: Perceived Stress Scale-10
The Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) questionnaire will be used to assess stress levels. The PSS-10 was developed by Cohen, Kamarck, and Mermelstein (1983). The PSS-10 is a 10-item self-report instrument designed to measure how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and stressful participants perceive their lives to be in the past month. Participants rate each item on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from "Never (0)" to "Very often (4)." Total scores range from 0 to 40, with higher scores indicating higher perceived stress levels. Items 6, 7, 9, and 10 are reverse-scored. Its validity and reliability in Turkish were conducted by Eskin et al.
Autres noms:
  • Échelle de stress perçu
Autre: Posture Assessment
The PostureScreen Mobile® app will be used to assess posture in a standing position. This app is specifically designed for healthcare professionals who want to objectively assess patients' posture, movement, and body composition. The app calculates a total of thirty-nine variables using images taken from four different angles. It generates an output file containing the calculated values for posture variables and provides visuals showing the positions of the digitized points relative to normal posture. For the posture assessment, participants will be positioned at a designated marked point and asked to stand in a comfortable, neutral posture. Photographs of each participant will be taken from four different angles using the iPad camera. Researchers will take each photo from a distance of 8 feet (approximately 2.4 meters) from the participant. The camera height is not standardized and will be adjusted according to the participant's height.
Autres noms:
  • Posture
Autre: Muscle Stiffness Assessment
Muscle stiffness will be assessed using the Myoton Digital Muscle Palpation Device in the masseter, upper trapezius, and temporalis muscles.
Autre: The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)
The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was developed by Johns and will be used to assess sleepiness in patients. The ESS is a four-point Likert-type scale. It is scored as 0, 1, 2, or 3, with higher scores indicating increased sleepiness. A score of 0-5 indicates normal daytime sleepiness, 6-10 indicates normal but increased daytime sleepiness, 11-12 indicates increased but moderate daytime sleepiness, 13-15 indicates increased moderate daytime sleepiness, and 16-24 indicates increased severe daytime sleepiness. The ESS is a valid and reliable scale for assessing overall sleepiness levels and can be used in studies on sleep and sleep disorders in Turkey (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86).
Autres noms:
  • The Epworth Sleepiness Scale
Autre: Jaw Function Limitation Scale-20 (MFFS-20)
The MFFS-20 questionnaire will be used to measure jaw function and limitations during various activities. The scale includes 20 items in the areas of chewing, vertical jaw mobility, and verbal and emotional expression. Items 1-6 address chewing, items 7-10 address vertical jaw mobility, and items 11-20 address verbal and emotional expression of limitations. Patients will be assessed for their limitations on each item using a numerical rating scale of 0 to 10. "0" corresponds to no limitation, and "10" corresponds to severe limitation.
Autre: Pain threshold assessment
Participants' pain sensitivity to pressure will be assessed using an algometer. A digital algometer (Commender Jtech Medical 801-478 USA) will be used for the assessment. The algometer will measure three times on the body of the masseter muscle, the anterior part of the temporalis muscle, the upper trapezius muscle, and the temporomandibular joint. The algometer will be placed perpendicular to these points, and participants will be asked to report the first time they experience pain. The average of the readings on the display will be read, and the pain threshold will be recorded in pounds (1kg = 2.2 pounds).

Que mesure l'étude ?

Principaux critères de jugement

Mesure des résultats
Description de la mesure
Délai
Jaw Functional Limitation Total Score Assessed Using the 20-Item Jaw Functional Limitation Scale (JFLS-20)
Délai: At baseline (study enrollment)
Jaw functional limitation will be assessed using the 20-Item Jaw Functional Limitation Scale (JFLS-20). The outcome measure will be the total JFLS-20 score, ranging from 0 to 10 (mean global score; 0 = no limitation, 10 = severe limitation). Higher scores indicate greater jaw functional limitation (worse outcome).
At baseline (study enrollment)
Pain Intensity and Pain Threshold
Délai: At baseline
Pain intensity will be assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), recorded as a score on a 0-10 cm (veya 0-100 mm, hangisini kullanıyorsanız) scale, with higher scores indicating greater pain intensity.Pressure pain threshold will be assessed using a digital algometer and recorded as pressure values (kg/cm², N/cm², ya da kullandığınız birim ne ise onu yazın), with higher values indicating higher pain threshold.
At baseline
Postural Alignment Parameters Assessed Using the PostureScreen Mobile® Application
Délai: At baseline
Postural alignment parameters, including head position, shoulder alignment, spinal posture, and pelvic alignment (uygun olanları siz düzenleyin), will be quantitatively assessed using the PostureScreen Mobile® application.
At baseline
Muscle Stiffness (N/m) of the Masseter, Temporalis, and Trapezius Muscles Assessed Using the MyotonPRO Device
Délai: At baseline
Muscle stiffness will be quantitatively assessed in the masseter, temporalis, and trapezius muscles using the MyotonPRO handheld myotonometer. Stiffness will be recorded in Newtons per meter (N/m) as the primary biomechanical parameter used for evaluation.
At baseline

Mesures de résultats secondaires

Mesure des résultats
Description de la mesure
Délai
Sleep Quality
Délai: At baseline
Daytime sleepiness will be assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). The outcome measure will be the total ESS score (range 0-24), with higher scores indicating greater daytime sleepiness.
At baseline
Perceived Stress
Délai: At baseline
Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) score
At baseline

Collaborateurs et enquêteurs

C'est ici que vous trouverez les personnes et les organisations impliquées dans cette étude.

Parrainer

Istanbul Kent University

Les enquêteurs

  • Chercheur principal: Emine Nur Demircan, Asst. Prof., Istanbul Kent University
  • Directeur d'études: Berfin Erdemli, Res. Asst., Istanbul Kent University
  • Directeur d'études: Melis Usul, Res. Asst., Istanbul Kent University
  • Directeur d'études: Ozge Okcu, Asst. Prof., Istanbul Kent University
  • Directeur d'études: Fatma Yüce, Asst. Prof., Istanbul Kent University

Publications et liens utiles

La personne responsable de la saisie des informations sur l'étude fournit volontairement ces publications. Il peut s'agir de tout ce qui concerne l'étude.

Publications générales

Dates d'enregistrement des études

Ces dates suivent la progression des dossiers d'étude et des soumissions de résultats sommaires à ClinicalTrials.gov. Les dossiers d'étude et les résultats rapportés sont examinés par la Bibliothèque nationale de médecine (NLM) pour s'assurer qu'ils répondent à des normes de contrôle de qualité spécifiques avant d'être publiés sur le site Web public.

Dates principales de l'étude

Début de l'étude (Réel)

15 octobre 2025

Achèvement primaire (Réel)

30 novembre 2025

Achèvement de l'étude (Réel)

15 avril 2026

Dates d'inscription aux études

Première soumission

27 septembre 2025

Première soumission répondant aux critères de contrôle qualité

28 avril 2026

Première publication (Réel)

1 mai 2026

Mises à jour des dossiers d'étude

Dernière mise à jour publiée (Réel)

1 mai 2026

Dernière mise à jour soumise répondant aux critères de contrôle qualité

28 avril 2026

Dernière vérification

1 avril 2026

Plus d'information

Termes liés à cette étude

Mots clés

Termes MeSH pertinents supplémentaires

Autres numéros d'identification d'étude

  • IstanbulKentU (Autre identifiant: IstanbulKentU)

Plan pour les données individuelles des participants (IPD)

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INDÉCIS

Informations sur les médicaments et les dispositifs, documents d'étude

Étudie un produit pharmaceutique réglementé par la FDA américaine

Non

Étudie un produit d'appareil réglementé par la FDA américaine

Non

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