Feasibility and Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training Combined With Blood Flow Restriction for Frail Older Adults
19 août 2026 mis à jour par: Pei-Shan, Tsai, Taipei Medical University
Feasibility and Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training Combined With Blood Flow Restriction for Frail Older Adults: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
This randomized controlled trial study aims to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a combined inspiratory muscle training (IMT) and blood flow restriction (BFR) intervention in frail older adults.
Outcomes of interest include feasibility, physical function, respiratory muscle strength, handgrip strength, five-times sit-to-stand performance, body composition, frailty level, fall efficacy, blood pressure, and adverse events.
Aperçu de l'étude
Statut
Pas encore de recrutement
Les conditions
Intervention / Traitement
Description détaillée
This is a parallel randomized controlled trial. 30 participants who are older adults with frailty will be enrolled.
Eligible participants who complete the baseline measurements will be randomly allocated to a combined BFR and IMT intervention group (N=15) or in the control group with BFR and sham IMT (N=15).
Primary outcomes include feasibility and physical function (i.e., the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and Time Up and Go (TUG) test). Secondary outcomes include respiratory muscle strength, handgrip strength, five-times sit-to-stand performance, body composition, frailty level, fall efficacy, blood pressure, and adverse events. All outcomes will be assessed at baseline (T0) and immediately after the 6-week intervention period (T1) in both groups.
Type d'étude
Interventionnel
Inscription (Estimé)
30
Phase
- N'est pas applicable
Contacts et emplacements
Cette section fournit les coordonnées de ceux qui mènent l'étude et des informations sur le lieu où cette étude est menée.
Coordonnées de l'étude
- Nom: Pei-Shan Tsai Professor, PhD
- Numéro de téléphone: 6321 +886227361661
- E-mail: ptsai@tmu.edu.tw
Lieux d'étude
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Taipei, Taïwan, 11031
- Taipei Medical University
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Contact:
- Pei-Shan Tsai Professor, PhD
- Numéro de téléphone: 6321 +886227361661
- E-mail: ptsai@tmu.edu.tw
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Critères de participation
Les chercheurs recherchent des personnes qui correspondent à une certaine description, appelée critères d'éligibilité. Certains exemples de ces critères sont l'état de santé général d'une personne ou des traitements antérieurs.
Critère d'éligibilité
Âges éligibles pour étudier
- Adulte plus âgé
Accepte les volontaires sains
Non
La description
Inclusion Criteria:
- Community-dwelling adults aged 65 years and older who are classified as at least "vulnerable" using the Clinical Frailty Scale (score ≥4).
- Participants must have no cognitive impairment and be able to follow commands, as assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE).
Exclusion Criteria:
- (1) are unable to participate in exercise (e.g., due to severe musculoskeletal disorders)
- (2) have high-risk factors for exercise, such as uncontrolled hypertension (>150 mmHg systolic blood pressure (SBP) / >90 mmHg diastolic blood pressure (DBP), coagulation disorders, and deep venous thrombosis
- (3) have hematological disorders or are using hematology related-medications
- (4) have significant comorbidities, including a history of stroke, diabetes with severe complications, or cardiovascular diseases
- (5) chronic lung conditions (e.g., obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma), and
- (6) have participated in a structured exercise training program within the past 3 months at a frequency exceeding three sessions per week.
Plan d'étude
Cette section fournit des détails sur le plan d'étude, y compris la façon dont l'étude est conçue et ce que l'étude mesure.
Comment l'étude est-elle conçue ?
Détails de conception
- Objectif principal: Traitement
- Répartition: Randomisé
- Modèle interventionnel: Affectation parallèle
- Masquage: Double
Armes et Interventions
Groupe de participants / Bras |
Intervention / Traitement |
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Expérimental: Intervention group
Participants in the experimental group will receive a 6 week combined BFR and IMT intervention
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Each session will last approximately 60 minutes and will include three components: (1) an initial 3-minute IMT exercise performed at an intensity corresponding to rating of perceived exertion (RPE) 11-13 on the Borg 6-20 scale, (2) a 50-minute low-intensity exercise program combined with BFR, and (3) a second 3-minute IMT session at the same target intensity. For the IMT, the protocol follows a progressive intensity model, starting with 30% of the maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) in Week 1 to allow participants to become familiar with the technique. The intensity will gradually increase to a target of 60% MIP by Week 6, based on the participants' tolerance. For the BFR, during weeks 1-2, participants will train at constant loads. From weeks 2-6, training loads will be increased. Cuff pressure will be prescribed relative to the calculated arterial occlusion pressure (AOP): 50% in weeks 1-2, 60% in weeks 3-4, and 70% in weeks 5-6 for both lower- and upper-body exercises. |
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Comparateur factice: Control group
Participants in the control group will receive a 6-week combined combined BFR and sham IMT intervention.
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Participants in the control group will perform the identical BFR exercise protocol as the intervention group.
However, IMT will be delivered at 2% of MIP, which is considered a sham condition and has not been shown to improve respiratory muscle function
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Que mesure l'étude ?
Principaux critères de jugement
Mesure des résultats |
Description de la mesure |
Délai |
|---|---|---|
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Recruitment rate
Délai: T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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The recruitment rate will be calculated by dividing the number of recruited participants by the number of eligible participants
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T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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Attrition rate
Délai: T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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Attrition rate is the proportion of randomized participants who withdraw from the study or are lost to follow-up before completing the final assessment.
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T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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Exercise Enjoyment
Délai: T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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Enjoyment will be assessed using a single-item Exercise Enjoyment Scale, which asks participants, "How much did you enjoy the exercise session?).
Responses are rated on a 7 Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 7 (extremely)
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T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB)
Délai: T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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The SPPB consists of three components-standing balance, gait speed, and repeated chair stands-each scored from 0 to 4 and summed to a total score ranging from 0 (worst performance) to 12 (best performance).
Lower SPPB scores indicate poorer physical function and a higher risk of adverse outcomes, with scores below 10 predictive of all-cause mortality in older adults.
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T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT)
Délai: T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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The 6MWT will be used to assess functional exercise capacity.
Participants will be instructed to walk as far as possible along a flat, straight course for 6 minutes, and the total distance is recorded.
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T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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Time Up to Go (TUG)
Délai: T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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The TUG test is used to assess functional mobility, balance, and fall risk in older adults, incorporating a series of dynamic activities.
Participants will be instructed to rise from a chair, walk three meters at a comfortable pace, turn around, walk back to the chair, and sit down.
The total time taken to complete the task is recorded, with longer times indicating poorer functional mobility and higher fall risk
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T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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Mesures de résultats secondaires
Mesure des résultats |
Description de la mesure |
Délai |
|---|---|---|
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Respiratory Muscle Strength
Délai: T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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We will use the S-Index Test to evaluate the respiratory muscle function based on maximum dynamic inspiratory pressure, which is a recommended tool developed by POWERbreathe.
Participants will be advised to avoid strenuous exercise for 24h and to rest in a sitting position for 15 minutes before the assessment.
Then, they performed eight inspiratory maneuvers in a standing position, divided into three to four series of two to three repetitions.
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T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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Handgrip Strength
Délai: T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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Handgrip strength will be evaluated to estimate the maximum upper-limb muscle function in older adults.
Participants will be seated with the shoulder adducted, the elbow flexed to 90°, and the forearm and wrist in a neutral position.
They will then be instructed to squeeze the dynamometer as forcefully as possible.
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T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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Five-times sit-to-stand
Délai: T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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The five-times sit-to-stand test is simple to administer and has been widely applied in both clinical and research settings.
Participants will sit with their backs against the chair and be instructed to stand and sit five times as quickly as possible.
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T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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Frailty level
Délai: T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) is a 9-point global clinical measure ranging from 1 (very fit) to 9 (terminally ill), used to classify frailty severity in older adults.
A traditional Chinese version of the CFS has been validated in Taiwanese older adults, demonstrating acceptable inter-rater reliability and good criterion validity against established frailty measures
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T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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Fall Efficacy
Délai: T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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The short form of the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) includes 7 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale from 1 (not at all concerned) to 4 (very concerned).
The total score ranges from 7 to 28, with higher values indicating greater concern about falling
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T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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Adverse events
Délai: T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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The study team will record adverse events during the intervention caused by the exercise, including falls, fractures, exercise-related pain, dizziness, muscle strain, sprains, respiratory and cardiac adverse events, and hospitalization.
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T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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Fat mass
Délai: T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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Fat mass will be assessed using a body composition analyzer and recorded in kilograms
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T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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Fat-free mass
Délai: T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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Fat-free mass will be assessed using a body composition analyzer and recorded in kilograms.
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T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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Autres mesures de résultats
Mesure des résultats |
Description de la mesure |
Délai |
|---|---|---|
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The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale
Délai: T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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The Borg RPE scale reflects an individual's subjective perception of exercise intensity, integrating sensations of physical effort, breathlessness, and fatigue.
The scale ranges from 6 to 20, where 6 indicates "no exertion at all" and 20 indicates "maximal exertion."
This RPE score will be assessed every training session
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T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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Automated Office Blood Pressure
Délai: T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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Automated Office Blood Pressure will be monitored before and after intervention to minimize cardiovascular risks and ensure that timely medical assistance is available for participants who experience any discomfort.
Upon arrival at the lab, participants will be asked to sit for at least 5 minutes before the first blood pressure reading; the average of two readings will be used for that visit
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T0 = baseline; T1 = immediately after intervention
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Collaborateurs et enquêteurs
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Dates d'enregistrement des études
Ces dates suivent la progression des dossiers d'étude et des soumissions de résultats sommaires à ClinicalTrials.gov. Les dossiers d'étude et les résultats rapportés sont examinés par la Bibliothèque nationale de médecine (NLM) pour s'assurer qu'ils répondent à des normes de contrôle de qualité spécifiques avant d'être publiés sur le site Web public.
Dates principales de l'étude
Début de l'étude (Estimé)
30 juillet 2026
Achèvement primaire (Estimé)
31 juillet 2027
Achèvement de l'étude (Estimé)
31 juillet 2027
Dates d'inscription aux études
Première soumission
23 avril 2026
Première soumission répondant aux critères de contrôle qualité
1 mai 2026
Première publication (Réel)
7 mai 2026
Mises à jour des dossiers d'étude
Dernière mise à jour publiée (Réel)
21 août 2026
Dernière mise à jour soumise répondant aux critères de contrôle qualité
19 août 2026
Dernière vérification
1 août 2026
Plus d'information
Termes liés à cette étude
Mots clés
Termes MeSH pertinents supplémentaires
Autres numéros d'identification d'étude
- 2025-UAAT-UTS02
Plan pour les données individuelles des participants (IPD)
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Informations sur les médicaments et les dispositifs, documents d'étude
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