The Effects of Acute Nitrate and Caffeine Co-ingestion on Discipline-Specific Exercise Performance.
The Acute Effects of Dietary Nitrate (Beetroot Juice), Caffeine, and Their Combination on Discipline-Specific Exercise Performance, Lactate Kinetics, and Physiological Responses in Trained Functional Fitness Athletes and Elite Junior Swimmers.
調査の概要
状態
詳細な説明
This project addresses a critical gap in sports nutrition literature regarding the potential synergistic, additive, or antagonistic interactions of caffeine (CAF) and dietary nitrate (beetroot juice, BJ) when co-administered. While CAF acts primarily as an adenosine receptor antagonist in the central nervous system to enhance motor unit recruitment and decrease perceived exertion, BJ acts as a physiological precursor to nitric oxide, improving peripheral muscle contractility, mitochondrial efficiency, and muscle perfusion.
To evaluate whether these effects are universal or discipline-specific, the trial employs a two-population cohort design:
- Cohort A (HIFT/Hyrox): Investigates adult functional fitness athletes (aged 18-45) characterized by concurrent strength and endurance adaptations. They will perform the ecological Hyrox P'F'T.
- Cohort B (Elite Junior Swimmers): Investigates elite junior national team swimmers (aged 16-19) during their centralized training camp. They will undergo the standardized progressive 8 × 100 m step-test.
Furthermore, this study will analyze whether individual hematological markers (iron status) and biochemical profiles correlate with the magnitude of the ergogenic response to establish prospective predictive biomarkers for customized sports nutrition.
研究の種類
入学 (推定)
段階
- 適用できない
連絡先と場所
研究連絡先
- 名前:Natalia Główka, PhD
- 電話番号:+48691756944
- メール:glowka@awf.poznan.pl
研究場所
-
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Wielkopolska
-
Poznan、Wielkopolska、ポーランド、61-871
- Poznań University of Physical Education
-
コンタクト:
- Natalia Główka
- 電話番号:691756944
- メール:glowka@awf.poznan.pl
-
-
参加基準
適格基準
就学可能な年齢
- 子
- 大人
健康ボランティアの受け入れ
説明
Inclusion Criteria:
A) Cohort A (HIFT / CrossFit / Hyrox):
- Aged 18-45 years.
- Minimum of 2 years of systematic HIFT/CrossFit/Hyrox training experience.
- Performing >4 training sessions per week.
- Ability to perform the HYROX Physical Fitness Test (P'F'T) and has participated in at least one official HYROX event.
- Possession of a valid medical certificate proving eligibility for competitive sports.
B) Cohort B (Competitive Junior Swimmers):
- Aged 16-19 years.
- Active member of the Polish Junior National Swimming Team.
- Minimum of 5 years of competitive swimming experience.
- Current training volume of at least 8-10 pool training sessions per week.
- Written informed consent obtained from both the participant and their legal guardian (for minors under 18).
C)Common Criteria for Both Cohorts:
- No history of cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, or musculoskeletal disease contradicting high-intensity exercise or stimulant intake.
- No known food allergies or adverse reactions to beetroot products or caffeine.
- No current use of medications that alter nitrate/caffeine metabolism (e.g., proton pump inhibitors, antibiotics, phosphodiesterase inhibitors).
- History of uneventful habituation to caffeine use during training/competition.
- Willingness to abstain from dietary supplements, antibacterial mouthwashes, alcohol, and high-nitrate foods for 48 hours prior to each testing session.
- Good general health and physical well-being.
Exclusion Criteria (Applicable to both cohorts):
- Occurrence of acute musculoskeletal injury or trauma during the study period.
- Any medical or health contraindications (including severe menstrual disorders, planned pregnancy, or breastfeeding).
- Failure or refusal to strictly adhere to the dietary, supplementation, and exercise testing protocols.
研究計画
研究はどのように設計されていますか?
デザインの詳細
- 主な目的:基礎科学
- 割り当て:ランダム化
- 介入モデル:クロスオーバー割り当て
- マスキング:4倍
武器と介入
参加者グループ / アーム |
介入・治療 |
|---|---|
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実験的:CAF + BJ (Active Co-ingestion)
Participants ingest a concentrated beetroot juice shot (~6.4 mmol / 400 mg nitrates) 3 hours before exercise, and a capsule of caffeine (Cohort A: 6 mg/kg body mass; Cohort B: 3 mg/kg body mass) 60 minutes before exercise.
|
Anhydrous caffeine administered orally in a hard gelatine capsule.
To address the unique physiological profiles of the two cohorts, a highly specific, differentiated dosing protocol is implemented: Cohort A (adult functional fitness athletes) will receive a high-performance dose of 6 mg/kg body mass, while Cohort B (elite junior swimmers) will receive a safe, youth-adapted dose of 3 mg/kg body mass.
In all experimental trials, the capsule is ingested exactly 60 minutes prior to the onset of the discipline-specific exercise test to match peak plasma caffeine concentration.
Concentrated beetroot juice (BJ) administered as a single, acute organic shot of 70 mL (Beet It Sport, James White Drinks Ltd., Ipswich, UK).
Each active shot contains approximately 400 mg (equivalent to ~6.4 mmol) of inorganic nitrate.
In contrast to chronic loading designs, this study evaluates purely acute effects; the shot is ingested exactly 3 hours (180 minutes) prior to the physical performance test to align with peak systemic concentration of plasma nitrite.
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アクティブコンパレータ:CAF + PLBJ (Caffeine + Placebo BJ)
Participants ingest a nitrate-depleted beetroot juice shot (~0.04 mmol nitrates) 3 hours before exercise, and a capsule of caffeine (Cohort A: 6 mg/kg body mass; Cohort B: 3 mg/kg body mass) 60 minutes before exercise.
|
Anhydrous caffeine administered orally in a hard gelatine capsule.
To address the unique physiological profiles of the two cohorts, a highly specific, differentiated dosing protocol is implemented: Cohort A (adult functional fitness athletes) will receive a high-performance dose of 6 mg/kg body mass, while Cohort B (elite junior swimmers) will receive a safe, youth-adapted dose of 3 mg/kg body mass.
In all experimental trials, the capsule is ingested exactly 60 minutes prior to the onset of the discipline-specific exercise test to match peak plasma caffeine concentration.
Nitrate-depleted beetroot juice (Beet It, James White Drinks Ltd., Ipswich, UK) administered as a 70 mL shot.
This placebo is identical in taste, smell, appearance, packaging, and viscosity to the active concentrated shot, but has been selectively filtered to contain negligible nitrate levels (<0.4 mmol / ~25 mg of nitrates).
It is ingested exactly 3 hours prior to the exercise test.
|
|
アクティブコンパレータ:PLCAF + BJ (Placebo CAF + Beetroot Juice)
Participants ingest a concentrated beetroot juice shot (~6.4 mmol / 400 mg nitrates) 3 hours before exercise, and a placebo capsule (maltodextrin) 60 minutes before exercise.
|
Concentrated beetroot juice (BJ) administered as a single, acute organic shot of 70 mL (Beet It Sport, James White Drinks Ltd., Ipswich, UK).
Each active shot contains approximately 400 mg (equivalent to ~6.4 mmol) of inorganic nitrate.
In contrast to chronic loading designs, this study evaluates purely acute effects; the shot is ingested exactly 3 hours (180 minutes) prior to the physical performance test to align with peak systemic concentration of plasma nitrite.
Placebo capsule containing inert maltodextrin powder.
The capsule is identical in size, shape, weight, color (opaque), and texture to the active caffeine capsule to ensure robust blinding.
It is administered at the exact same time point (60 minutes pre-exercise) according to the identical body-mass-adjusted dosing scheme (simulating either 3 mg/kg or 6 mg/kg).
|
|
プラセボコンパレーター:PLCAF + PLBJ (Double Placebo Control)
Participants ingest a nitrate-depleted beetroot juice shot (~0.04 mmol nitrates) 3 hours before exercise, and a placebo capsule (maltodextrin) 60 minutes before exercise.
|
Nitrate-depleted beetroot juice (Beet It, James White Drinks Ltd., Ipswich, UK) administered as a 70 mL shot.
This placebo is identical in taste, smell, appearance, packaging, and viscosity to the active concentrated shot, but has been selectively filtered to contain negligible nitrate levels (<0.4 mmol / ~25 mg of nitrates).
It is ingested exactly 3 hours prior to the exercise test.
Placebo capsule containing inert maltodextrin powder.
The capsule is identical in size, shape, weight, color (opaque), and texture to the active caffeine capsule to ensure robust blinding.
It is administered at the exact same time point (60 minutes pre-exercise) according to the identical body-mass-adjusted dosing scheme (simulating either 3 mg/kg or 6 mg/kg).
|
この研究は何を測定していますか?
主要な結果の測定
結果測定 |
メジャーの説明 |
時間枠 |
|---|---|---|
|
Exercise Performance Time (minutes and seconds, Cohort A - Hyrox P'F'T)
時間枠:At each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4), with visits conducted at 7-day intervals following the baseline/familiarization visit (T0).
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Total time (in minutes and seconds) required to complete the standardized HYROX Physical Fitness Test (P'F'T) consisting of 6 specific functional exercises.
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At each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4), with visits conducted at 7-day intervals following the baseline/familiarization visit (T0).
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Swimming Performance (minutes and seconds, Cohort B - 8x100m Step-Test)
時間枠:At each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4), with visits conducted at 7-day intervals following the baseline/familiarization visit (T0).
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Swimming performance will be assessed using the completion time (seconds and milliseconds) for each 100-m repetition of the standardized 8 × 100-m step test, including the maximal-effort repetition performed during the fifth stage.
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At each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4), with visits conducted at 7-day intervals following the baseline/familiarization visit (T0).
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二次結果の測定
結果測定 |
メジャーの説明 |
時間枠 |
|---|---|---|
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Blood Lactate Kinetics (mmol/L)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline), pre-exercise (3 hours after beetroot juice supplementation and 30 minutes after caffeine supplementation), and 3 and 7 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Blood lactate concentration, including peak concentration, accumulation kinetics, and clearance rate, will be assessed from fingertip capillary blood collected before supplementation (baseline), pre-exercise (3 hours after beetroot juice supplementation and 30 minutes after caffeine supplementation), and post-exercise (3 and 7 minutes after exercise) at each experimental visit.
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Before supplementation (baseline), pre-exercise (3 hours after beetroot juice supplementation and 30 minutes after caffeine supplementation), and 3 and 7 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Heart Rate (HR, bpm)
時間枠:Continuously monitored during exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Real-time heart rate (beats per minute) will be continuously monitored throughout each exercise test using a telemetry-based heart rate monitoring system.
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Continuously monitored during exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE, points)
時間枠:Immediately after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Subjective rating of perceived exertion will be assessed using the validated Borg Scale (6-20).
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Immediately after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Blood Pressure (mmHg)
時間枠:Measured 2.5 hours after beetroot juice supplementation and 30 minutes after caffeine supplementation (pre-exercise) at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Systolic and diastolic blood pressure will be measured using an automated oscillometric blood pressure monitor.
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Measured 2.5 hours after beetroot juice supplementation and 30 minutes after caffeine supplementation (pre-exercise) at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Gastrointestinal Tolerance Profile (mVAS, points)
時間枠:Measured 30 minutes after supplementation and immediately after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Gastrointestinal symptoms will be assessed using the modified Visual Analog Scale (mVAS; 0-10, where 0 = no symptoms and 10 = extremely severe symptoms).
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Measured 30 minutes after supplementation and immediately after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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White blood cells count and differential (count/L)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Assessment of the hematological parameter will be performed from fingertip capillary blood collected before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit.
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Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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White blood cells count and differential (%)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
|
Assessment of the hematological parameter will be performed from fingertip capillary blood collected before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit.
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Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Hematological indices (red blood cells, RBC) (count/L)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Assessment of the hematological parameter will be performed from fingertip capillary blood collected before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit.
|
Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
|
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Hematological indices (hemoglobin concentration, HGB) (mmol/L)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Assessment of the hematological parameter will be performed from fingertip capillary blood collected before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit.
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Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Hematological indices (hematocrit, HCT) (L/L)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
|
Assessment of the hematological parameter will be performed from fingertip capillary blood collected before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit.
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Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Hematological indices (mean corpuscular volume, MCV; mean platelet volume, MPV) (fL)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Assessment of the hematological parameter will be performed from fingertip capillary blood collected before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit.
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Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Hematological indices (mean corpuscular hemoglobin mass, MCH) (fmol)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Assessment of the hematological parameter will be performed from fingertip capillary blood collected before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit.
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Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Hematological indices (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, MCHC) (mmol/L)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Assessment of the hematological parameter will be performed from fingertip capillary blood collected before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit.
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Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Hematological indices (platelet count, PLT) (count/L)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Assessment of the hematological parameter will be performed from fingertip capillary blood collected before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit.
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Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Hematological indices (platelet hematocrit, PCT) (cL/L)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Assessment of the hematological parameter will be performed from fingertip capillary blood collected before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit.
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Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Hematological indices (platelet distribution width, PDW; platelet large cell ratio, PLCR; red blood cells distribution width - coefficient of variation, RDW-C) (%)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Assessment of the hematological parameter will be performed from fingertip capillary blood collected before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit.
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Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Hematological indices (red blood cells distribution width - standard deviation, RDW-S) (fL)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Assessment of the hematological parameter will be performed from fingertip capillary blood collected before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit.
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Before supplementation (baseline) and 3 minutes after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Nutritional status indices (concentration of urea) (mmol/L)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline) at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Urea concentration will be assessed from fingertip capillary blood collected before supplementation (baseline).
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Before supplementation (baseline) at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Creatinine Concentration (μmol/L)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline) at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Creatinine concentration will be assessed from fingertip capillary blood collected before supplementation (baseline).
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Before supplementation (baseline) at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Muscle Damage Markers (ALT, AST, CK, LDH) (U/L)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline) at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) will be assessed from fingertip capillary blood collected before supplementation (baseline).
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Before supplementation (baseline) at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Body composition (fat-free mass, fat mass) (kg)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline) at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Body composition will be assessed before supplementation (baseline) using bioelectrical impedance analysis.
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Before supplementation (baseline) at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Body composition (fat-free mass, fat mass) (%)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline) at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Body composition will be assessed before supplementation (baseline) using bioelectrical impedance analysis.
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Before supplementation (baseline) at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Body composition (total body water) (L)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline) at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Body composition will be assessed before supplementation (baseline) using bioelectrical impedance analysis.
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Before supplementation (baseline) at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Body composition (total body water) (%)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline) at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Body composition will be assessed before supplementation (baseline) using bioelectrical impedance analysis.
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Before supplementation (baseline) at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Iron Status (Iron, Ferritin, UIBC, TIBC) (μg/dL)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline) at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Serum iron concentration, ferritin concentration, unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC), and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) will be assessed from fingertip capillary blood collected before supplementation (baseline).
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Before supplementation (baseline) at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Iron Status (Transferrin Concentration) (g/L)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline) at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Serum transferrin concentration will be assessed from fingertip capillary blood collected before supplementation (baseline).
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Before supplementation (baseline) at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Sleep Quality (Visual Analog Scale, VAS; points)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline), pre-exercise, and immediately after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Subjective sleep quality will be assessed using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS).
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Before supplementation (baseline), pre-exercise, and immediately after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Mood (Brunel Mood Scale, BRUMS; points)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline), pre-exercise, and immediately after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Mood state will be assessed using the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS).
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Before supplementation (baseline), pre-exercise, and immediately after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Competitive State Anxiety (Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2, CSAI-2R; points)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline), pre-exercise, and immediately after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Competitive state anxiety will be assessed using the Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R).
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Before supplementation (baseline), pre-exercise, and immediately after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Felt Arousal (Felt Arousal Scale, FAS; points)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline), pre-exercise, and immediately after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
|
Perceived arousal will be assessed using the Felt Arousal Scale (FAS).
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Before supplementation (baseline), pre-exercise, and immediately after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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Feeling Scale (FS; points)
時間枠:Before supplementation (baseline), pre-exercise, and immediately after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
|
Affective valence will be assessed using the Feeling Scale (FS).
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Before supplementation (baseline), pre-exercise, and immediately after exercise at each experimental visit (Visits T1-T4; 7-day intervals).
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協力者と研究者
捜査官
- 主任研究者:Natalia Główka, PhD、Poznan University of Physical Education, Department of Sports Dietetics
研究記録日
主要日程の研究
研究開始 (推定)
一次修了 (推定)
研究の完了 (推定)
試験登録日
最初に提出
QC基準を満たした最初の提出物
最初の投稿 (実際)
学習記録の更新
投稿された最後の更新 (実際)
QC基準を満たした最後の更新が送信されました
最終確認日
詳しくは
本研究に関する用語
キーワード
追加の関連 MeSH 用語
その他の研究ID番号
- ZDS2026_NG_001
個々の参加者データ (IPD) の計画
個々の参加者データ (IPD) を共有する予定はありますか?
IPD プランの説明
IPD 共有時間枠
IPD 共有アクセス基準
IPD 共有サポート情報タイプ
- STUDY_PROTOCOL
医薬品およびデバイス情報、研究文書
米国FDA規制医薬品の研究
米国FDA規制機器製品の研究
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