Effect of a Confidence-Building and Diaphragmatic Breathing-Assisted Graded Exposure on Kinesiophobia and Anxiety During First Mobilization Among Women After Cesarean Section
This quasi-experimental study will evaluate whether a program combining confidence building, diaphragmatic breathing (slow, deep belly breathing), and gradual exposure to movement can reduce fear of movement and anxiety during first mobilization after cesarean section.
The study will include two groups without random assignment. The intervention group will receive the combined program in addition to routine hospital care. The control group will receive routine hospital care only. Fear of movement and anxiety will be assessed before and after the intervention period in both groups. Changes will be compared between the groups to evaluate the effects of the program.
Studieoversikt
Status
Intervensjon / Behandling
Studietype
Registrering (Antatt)
Fase
- Ikke aktuelt
Kontakter og plasseringer
Studiekontakt
- Navn: Ghadeer F Abbas
- Telefonnummer: +9647808020105
- E-post: ghadeer.f@s.uokerbala.edu.iq
Deltakelseskriterier
Kvalifikasjonskriterier
Alder som er kvalifisert for studier
Tar imot friske frivillige
Kjønn som er kvalifisert for studier
Beskrivelse
Inclusion Criteria:Women aged 18 years or older who have undergone cesarean section.
2. Women who are medically stable and approved by the responsible healthcare team for first mobilization.
3. Women who have not yet started their first out-of-bed mobilization at the time of baseline assessment.
4. Women who are able to understand the intervention instructions, communicate with the researcher, and complete the study assessment tools.
5. Women who are willing to participate and provide written informed consent.
Exclusion Criteria : Medical instability or a clinical contraindication to first mobilization.
7. Severe postoperative complications that prevent safe mobilization. 8. Neurological or musculoskeletal disorders that substantially impair the ability to stand or walk safely.
9. Cognitive or communication difficulties that prevent understanding the intervention or valid completion of the study assessment tools.
10. A severe psychiatric condition that substantially interferes with informed consent, participation in the intervention, or valid completion of the study assessments, as determined according to the approved study protocol.
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Studieplan
Hvordan er studiet utformet?
Designdetaljer
- Primært formål: Støttende omsorg
- Tildeling: Ikke-randomisert
- Intervensjonsmodell: Parallell tildeling
- Masking: Ingen (Open Label)
Våpen og intervensjoner
Deltakergruppe / Arm |
Intervensjon / Behandling |
|---|---|
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Eksperimentell: Confidence-Building and Breathing-Assisted Graded Exposure Group
|
The researcher will deliver the program in addition to routine hospital care after the clinical team confirms that the woman is medically stable and cleared for first mobilization after cesarean section. Confidence building will include supportive discussion (approximately 5 minutes) to identify concerns, explain the movement sequence, and provide realistic reassurance and encouragement. Guided mental rehearsal (approximately 10 minutes) will help the woman mentally prepare for sitting, standing, and walking. This will be followed by 3 minutes of slow, comfortable diaphragmatic breathing without straining the surgical area. Graded exposure-assisted mobilization will progress through five levels: in-bed position adjustment, upright sitting, sitting at the bedside, supported standing, and short assisted walking. Each level will be attempted according to clinical stability and tolerance, with positive feedback after successful completion. |
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Ingen inngripen: Routine Care Control Group
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Hva måler studien?
Primære resultatmål
Resultatmål |
Tiltaksbeskrivelse |
Tidsramme |
|---|---|---|
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Change in Kinesiophobia Measured by the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-17)
Tidsramme: Baseline before the intervention and first mobilization, and immediately after completion of first mobilization; the same assessment timing will apply to both groups.
|
kinesiophobia will be assessed in both groups using the 17-item Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-17). Total scores range from 17 to 68, with higher scores indicating greater fear of movement. Changes from baseline to the post-intervention assessment will be compared between the intervention and control groups. |
Baseline before the intervention and first mobilization, and immediately after completion of first mobilization; the same assessment timing will apply to both groups.
|
Sekundære resultatmål
Resultatmål |
Tiltaksbeskrivelse |
Tidsramme |
|---|---|---|
|
Change in Anxiety Measured by the Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety (VAS-A)
Tidsramme: Baseline before the intervention and first mobilization, and immediately after completion of first mobilization; the same assessment timing will apply to both groups
|
Anxiety will be assessed in both groups using a 100-mm Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety (VAS-A), ranging from 0 (no anxiety) to 100 (worst imaginable anxiety). Higher scores indicate greater anxiety. Changes from baseline to the post-intervention assessment will be compared between the intervention and control groups. |
Baseline before the intervention and first mobilization, and immediately after completion of first mobilization; the same assessment timing will apply to both groups
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Samarbeidspartnere og etterforskere
Sponsor
Publikasjoner og nyttige lenker
Generelle publikasjoner
- Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W. H. Freeman. Gonella, S., Delfino, C., Rolfo, M., Rizzo, A., Esposito, V., Berchialla, P., & Campagna, S. (2021). Effects of a video-based preoperative educational intervention plus nurse-led reinforcement discussion on knowledge, self-efficacy, and resilience in patients undergoing major surgery. Clinical Nursing Research, 30(6), 753-761. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773820986916 Peng, J., Luo, Y., Feng, L., Xiao, J., Feng, F., Zheng, Y., Bao, L., Yang, S., & Wu, X. (2025). Targeting kinesiophobia after thoracic surgery with an integrated protection motivation and exposure intervention: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pain Research, 18, 6911-6920. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S544205 Prokopowicz, A., & Byrka, K. (2021). Effectiveness of mental simulations on the early mobilization of patients after cesarean section: A randomized controlled trial. Scientific Reports, 11, 22634. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02036-1 Rittharomya, J., Krua-aum, P., & Aree-Ue, S. (2025). Effectiveness of a rehabilitation self-efficacy program on postoperative outcomes in older adults with hip fracture: A randomized controlled trial. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research, 29(1), 91-107. https://doi.org/10.60099/prijnr.2025.269063 Watson, G. M., Sutherland, J., Lacey, C., & Bridgman, P. G. (2022). A randomised crossover trial of QT response to hyperventilation-induced anxiety and diaphragmatic breathing in patients with stress cardiomyopathy and in control patients. PLoS ONE, 17(3), e0265607. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265607
Studierekorddatoer
Studer hoveddatoer
Studiestart (Antatt)
Primær fullføring (Antatt)
Studiet fullført (Antatt)
Datoer for studieregistrering
Først innsendt
Først innsendt som oppfylte QC-kriteriene
Først lagt ut (Faktiske)
Oppdateringer av studieposter
Sist oppdatering lagt ut (Faktiske)
Siste oppdatering sendt inn som oppfylte QC-kriteriene
Sist bekreftet
Mer informasjon
Begreper knyttet til denne studien
Andre studie-ID-numre
- CS -CBDB -GE -KA-2026
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