Preventing Lymphedema in Patients Undergoing Surgical Treatment for Head and Neck Cancer Through Vein Reconstruction

Experimentell: Facial Vein Reconstruction Group

When necessary, participants will get facial vein reconstruction immediately after neck dissection. Participants will also undergo lymphography before and after vein reconstruction. If the facial vein is intact, no intervention is needed, but the patient may still participate in the study.

Procedur: Facial Vein Reconstruction

Immediately after neck dissection, the facial vein will be assessed. If the vein has been ligated for the neck dissection, then the vein will be repaired. This may require vein graft and the use of a venous coupler. If the vein is intact after neck dissection, we can proceed without surgical intervention.

Lymphedema Staging

The primary endpoint is the presence or absence of head and neck lymphedema (HNL) at follow-up, assessed using the MD Anderson Cancer Center Head and Neck Lymphedema (MDACC HNL) Scale.

This scale is measured from 0 to 2. As the numbers increase, the severity of lymphedema increases. A score of 0 means there was no lymphedema present

internal lymphedema

We will utilize the Patterson Internal lymphedema scale to assess lymphedema during routine flexible laryngoscopy in the clinic. Patient will be undergoing flexible laryngoscopy as part of routine surveillance.

Several sites within the larynx and hypopharynx are graded as to the severity of edema(swelling). Each site is rated as none, mild, moderate, or severe edema.

Head and Neck Lymphedema and Fibrosis Symptom Inventory

The Head and Neck Lymphedema and Fibrosis Symptom Inventory (HNLEF) is the only validated symptom scale specific for HNL. HNLEF represents a 33 item survey around 7 domains of survivorship including soft tissue and neurologic toxicity, social functioning, oral dysfunction, body image, taste and swallowing, mucosal irritation, and communication. HNLEF has been shown to capture HNL-related symptom burden and functional impairments. Quality of life in regards to head and neck lymphedema are deemed worse with higher scores.

This tool contains 33 items (symptoms), which are answered in a "yes" or "no" format. If patients answer "yes" to any given item, they are then asked to rate the intensity of the respective symptom on a five-point scales. Each item then receives a score ranging from "0" (Does not experience the symptom) to "5" (Experiences the symptom with severe intensity). Scores can be examined with individual symptoms or based on average score for each subscale.

Indocyanine Green Near-infrared imaging

We will identify quality of head and neck lymphatic flow including disruption of lymphatic pathways and areas of pooling of indocyanine green.

Several observations will be recorded based on imaging. These will be deemed as present or absent without scale.

• Presence of pooling demonstrating disrupted lymphatic pathways
• Lymphatic escape pathways
• Lymphatic flow across facial vein
• Presence of lymphatic disruption not addressed by facial vein preservation/reconstruction

The University of Washington Quality of Life

The University of Washington Quality of Life (UW-QOL Version 4) is a validated and reliable measure of physical and social-emotional QOL widely used in head and neck cancer. Twelve items assessing appearance, swallowing, chewing, speech, taste, saliva, pain, activity, recreation, shoulder function, mood, and anxiety are scored on a scale from 0 (worst possible response) to 100 (best possible response). Physical and social-emotional subscale scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better QOL. A minimal clinically important difference (MCID) on the UW-QOL v4 subscales is generally considered to be approximately 5 points, representing a change that patients are likely to perceive as meaningful. A moderate clinically important change has been estimated at approximately 10 points, reflecting a more substantial improvement in patient-reported outcomes.

The Functional Oral Intake Scale

The Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) can be utilized to measure oral intake ability before and after treatment. FOIS has been used across specialties and utilized a grading symptoms from 1-5. Level 1 indicates nothing taken orally; Level 2 indicates tube reliance with few attempts to take food or drinks orally; Level 3 indicates tube dependence with regular oral intake of food or liquids; Level 4 indicates a total oral diet but requires special preparations, compensations, or not expanded from whole-bottle feeding; and Level 5 indicates a total oral diet without special preparation. A higher score represents more swallowing disability