State Representation in Early Psychosis 2 (STEP2)

Participants with a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, psychosis NOS, bipolar disorder with psychosis, or major depressive disorder with psychosis. Participants will complete clinical interviews, self-report measures, cognitive/computerized tasks, and EEG assessments.

Community control participants without psychotic or bipolar disorder and without a first-degree family history of psychotic or bipolar disorder. Participants will complete clinical interviews, self-report measures, cognitive/computerized tasks, and EEG assessments.

Performance and computed parameters from the Translational Orientation Pattern Expectancy task and Translational Bandit Task will be combined to evaluate state estimation, state maintenance, and state learning processes. The Translational Orientation Pattern Expectancy task is a cognitive control task used to evaluate dysregulated expectancy through responses to expected and unexpected stimuli. The Translational Bandit Task is a reward learning task used to evaluate responses to rewards. Together, task-derived parameters will be combined into model-derived parameter scores reflecting state estimation, state maintenance, and state learning.

Unit: model-derived parameter score

P300 will be assessed during the AX-CPT task as a parietally maximal positive-going event-related potential component occurring approximately 300 to 600 milliseconds after stimulus presentation. Cue-locked P300 responses to A versus B cues and probe-locked P300 responses to AX versus AY probes will be used to assess attention allocation and context/state representation during proactive and reactive cognitive control.

Unit: Microvolts

Reward positivity will be assessed during the Translational Bandit Task as a frontocentrally maximal event-related potential component occurring approximately 250 to 350 milliseconds after reward versus non-reward feedback. Reward positivity will be used to assess reward sensitivity and reinforcement learning.

Unit: Microvolts

Phase synchrony will be assessed during resting-state EEG using measures of the consistency of phase relationships between electrode sites, such as phase-locking value or weighted phase-lag index. Resting-state EEG will include eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions and will be used to assess coordination of neural activity across distributed brain regions.

Unit: phase-locking value

The slope of spectral power density will be assessed during resting-state EEG as the aperiodic, 1/f-like component of the power spectrum. The slope will be estimated after separating periodic oscillatory activity from the aperiodic component and will be used to assess cortical excitation/inhibition balance and arousal state.

Unit: aperiodic exponent

Prefrontal and parietal theta activity will be assessed using electroencephalography during computerized tasks and resting state as a neurophysiologic measure related to cognitive control and state representation.

Unit: decibels

Physical and mental well-being symptoms will be assessed using the 29-item Minnesota Symptoms Severity questionnaire. Items are scored from 1, absent, to 5, occurring nearly every day. Higher scores indicate higher frequency of physical and mental health symptoms.

Unit: points

Negative symptoms will be assessed using the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Items are scored from 0, absent, to 5, severe. Higher scores indicate greater negative symptom severity.

Unit: points

Positive symptoms will be assessed using the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms. Items are scored from 0, absent, to 5, severe. Higher scores indicate greater positive symptom severity.

Unit: points

Psychiatric symptoms will be assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. The scale assesses 24 psychiatric symptom constructs, with items scored from 1, absent, to 7, extremely severe. Higher scores indicate greater psychiatric symptom severity.

Unit: Points

Schizotypal traits will be assessed using the 32-item Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief Revised. Items are scored from 0, strongly disagree, to 4, strongly agree. Higher scores indicate greater schizotypal trait severity.

Unit: Points

Experiences of discrimination will be assessed using the 31-item Intersectional Discrimination Index. The measure uses multiple item response scales to assess experiences of, and worries about, discrimination. Higher scores indicate more frequent or more intense experiences or concerns related to discrimination.

Unit: Points

Motivation and pleasure will be assessed using the 15-item Motivation and Pleasure Scale-Self Report. Items are scored from 0 to 4. Lower scores indicate greater deficits in motivation and pleasure.

Unit: Points

Disability will be assessed using the 15-item World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule. Items are scored from 1, none, to 5, extreme or cannot do. Higher scores indicate greater disability.

Unit: Points

Social functioning will be assessed using the Global Functioning Social scale. Scores range from 1, extreme social isolation, to 10, superior social functioning. Lower scores indicate worse social functioning.

Unit: Points

Fluid cognitive ability and nonverbal reasoning will be assessed using the Matrix Reasoning assessment from Test My Brain.

Unit: Points

Processing speed and visual short-term memory will be assessed using the Digit Symbol Matching assessment from Test My Brain.

Unit: Points

Verbal memory and episodic memory will be assessed using the Verbal Paired Associates Memory assessment from Test My Brain.

Unit: points

Face emotion perception and emotion identification will be assessed using the Multiracial Emotion Recognition assessment from Test My Brain.

Unit: Points

Verbal intelligence will be assessed using the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading. Unit: Points

Role functioning will be assessed using the Global Functioning Role scale. Scores range from 1, extremely poor role functioning, to 10, superior role functioning. Lower scores indicate worse occupational or role functioning.

Unit: Points