Impact of Pre-cooling in Adolescent Tennis Athletes

Matches were conducted on hard-court surfaces separated by 24h (n=4 pairs) or 144h (n=1pair) between 9am and 6pm and were played in winning two sets. Participants were paired according to their level of play and competed against the same component at the same time of the day in both matches.

Three hours before the start of their scheduled match, each player ingested a telemetric pill in order to estimate the visceral temperature. Upon arrival, all participants provided a urine sample for assessment of urine specific gravity as an indicator of their hydration status and they emptied their bladders before were weighed. They were weighed twice, at baseline and at the end of the match with a precision weight scale (Kern DE 150K2D, KERN & SOHN GmbH, Balingen, Germany). During the match the participants consumed water and any other sport drink and food ad libitum. The total weight of the players' food and fluids that was consumed was measured using a precision weight scale. If participants wished to urinate during the match, they were asked to use a urine cup and their urine was weighed.

One hour before the match, the precooling group was wearing a Cooling Cap (WElkins Sideline Cooling System, SCS) for 45 minutes. On removal from a -20oC freezer, the cap surface was 10.7±2.5oC. After 45 minutes, participants removed the cap and they performed a 5 minutes standardized warm-up (running around the court and running exercises from baseline to net and back to baseline) and 10 min tennis specific warm up (rallies and serves) on court. Each participant, before the warm-up, was outfitted with a heart rate chest strap and iBUTTON sensors at four sites of the body (chest, upper arm, thigh and calf).

The scoring and timing characteristics of the matches complied with 2016 ITF rules. Three new balls were used for each match with the players retrieving balls between points. Matches were filmed from one end of the court, using a digital video camera (Sony DCR-VX2000E PAL, Japan). Participants were performed on perceptual measurements at baseline, after each set, and at the end of the match.

Thermoregulatory, cardiovascular and perceptual responses were recorded with standardized techniques: 1) visceral temperature using telemetric pill (BodyCap, Caen, France) was continuously recorded throughout the match; 2) skin temperature using iBUTTON sensors (type DS1921 H, Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor Corp., USA) on chest, upper arm, thigh and calf was recorded continuously; 3) heart rate (HR) variability data were sampled through short-range telemetry at 1,000 Hz with a Polar RS800CX (Polar Electro , Kempele, Finland). The heart rate monitor signal will be transferred to the Polar Precision Performance Software (release 3.00; Polar Electro Oy); 4) thermal comfort (scale 1-5), thermal sensation (scale 1-10) and rating of perceived exertion using standardized questionnaires were recorded at baseline, after each set, and at the end of the match.

Hydration status was recorded with urine specific gravity. All the collected urine samples will be analyzed using a refractrometer (Atago, Tokyo, Japan) for the determination of urine specific gravity. Euhydration will be defined as urine specific gravity <1.02 according to internationally accepted standards.

A digital video camera (Sony DCR-VX2000E PAL, Japan) was used to record the match - play characteristics. The footage was used to conduct the retrospective notational analysis. The quantitative performance indices that assessed had been: games and points won in each set and normalized to the number of games and points that record in each set respectively. Also unforced errors, first and second serve accuracy, aces, shots per rally and direction changes in each point calculated. Point's duration, between point-duration as well the effective point time calculated. The effective point time starting with the ball toss of the serve and ending when the ball passed the player or bounced twice on court. In case of double fault, starting time recorded from the beginning of the second serve.

Environmental data including air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were measured continuously using a portable weather station (Kestrel 5500FW Fire Weather Meter Pro, USA). The weather station was placed 1 meter above the ground according to the manufacturer's guidelines.