Impact of Pre-cooling in Adolescent Tennis Athletes

Impact of Pre-cooling in Adolescent Athletes While Playing Tennis in Hot Conditions

Many tennis tournaments are played outdoors in hot and humid conditions, which poses a significant challenge particularly for children athletes. The purpose of this investigation is to examine if a precooling method can reduce thermal strain and consequently improve the performance of adolescent tennis athletes while exercising in hot conditions.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Risk of Heat Stress
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Thermal stress and performance using a pre-cooling protocol; Biological: Thermal stress and performance without a pre-cooling protocol

Detailed Description

Matches were conducted on hard-court surfaces separated by 24h (n=4 pairs) or 144h (n=1pair) between 9am and 6pm and were played in winning two sets. Participants were paired according to their level of play and competed against the same component at the same time of the day in both matches.

Three hours before the start of their scheduled match, each player ingested a telemetric pill in order to estimate the visceral temperature. Upon arrival, all participants provided a urine sample for assessment of urine specific gravity as an indicator of their hydration status and they emptied their bladders before were weighed. They were weighed twice, at baseline and at the end of the match with a precision weight scale (Kern DE 150K2D, KERN & SOHN GmbH, Balingen, Germany). During the match the participants consumed water and any other sport drink and food ad libitum. The total weight of the players' food and fluids that was consumed was measured using a precision weight scale. If participants wished to urinate during the match, they were asked to use a urine cup and their urine was weighed.

One hour before the match, the precooling group was wearing a Cooling Cap (WElkins Sideline Cooling System, SCS) for 45 minutes. On removal from a -20oC freezer, the cap surface was 10.7±2.5oC. After 45 minutes, participants removed the cap and they performed a 5 minutes standardized warm-up (running around the court and running exercises from baseline to net and back to baseline) and 10 min tennis specific warm up (rallies and serves) on court. Each participant, before the warm-up, was outfitted with a heart rate chest strap and iBUTTON sensors at four sites of the body (chest, upper arm, thigh and calf).

The scoring and timing characteristics of the matches complied with 2016 ITF rules. Three new balls were used for each match with the players retrieving balls between points. Matches were filmed from one end of the court, using a digital video camera (Sony DCR-VX2000E PAL, Japan). Participants were performed on perceptual measurements at baseline, after each set, and at the end of the match.

Thermoregulatory, cardiovascular and perceptual responses were recorded with standardized techniques: 1) visceral temperature using telemetric pill (BodyCap, Caen, France) was continuously recorded throughout the match; 2) skin temperature using iBUTTON sensors (type DS1921 H, Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor Corp., USA) on chest, upper arm, thigh and calf was recorded continuously; 3) heart rate (HR) variability data were sampled through short-range telemetry at 1,000 Hz with a Polar RS800CX (Polar Electro , Kempele, Finland). The heart rate monitor signal will be transferred to the Polar Precision Performance Software (release 3.00; Polar Electro Oy); 4) thermal comfort (scale 1-5), thermal sensation (scale 1-10) and rating of perceived exertion using standardized questionnaires were recorded at baseline, after each set, and at the end of the match.

Hydration status was recorded with urine specific gravity. All the collected urine samples will be analyzed using a refractrometer (Atago, Tokyo, Japan) for the determination of urine specific gravity. Euhydration will be defined as urine specific gravity <1.02 according to internationally accepted standards.

A digital video camera (Sony DCR-VX2000E PAL, Japan) was used to record the match - play characteristics. The footage was used to conduct the retrospective notational analysis. The quantitative performance indices that assessed had been: games and points won in each set and normalized to the number of games and points that record in each set respectively. Also unforced errors, first and second serve accuracy, aces, shots per rally and direction changes in each point calculated. Point's duration, between point-duration as well the effective point time calculated. The effective point time starting with the ball toss of the serve and ending when the ball passed the player or bounced twice on court. In case of double fault, starting time recorded from the beginning of the second serve.

Environmental data including air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were measured continuously using a portable weather station (Kestrel 5500FW Fire Weather Meter Pro, USA). The weather station was placed 1 meter above the ground according to the manufacturer's guidelines.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 8
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Greece
  • Thessaly
    • Tríkala, Thessaly, Greece, 42100
      • FAME Lab, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 14 years to 17 years (Child)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Healthy adolescent athletes

Exclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosed chronic medical condition;
• Symptoms of acute illness;
• Recent (past 4 weeks) usage of medications known to affect the circulatory system, the thyroid, the pituitary function, or the metabolic status.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Pre-cooling scenario; One hour before a tennis match, the pre-cooling group was wearing a Cooling Cap (WElkins Sideline Cooling System, SCS) for 45 minutes.	Behavioral: Thermal stress and performance using a pre-cooling protocol; One hour before a tennis match, participants were wearing a Cooling Cap (WElkins Sideline Cooling System, SCS) for 45 minutes. During the tennis match the following variables were monitored: heart rate, core temperature, skin temperature, thermal sensation and comfort, rating of perceived exertion and hydration status.
Sham Comparator: Sham evaluation; Participants were monitored during a usual game without any kind of pre-cooling strategy	Biological: Thermal stress and performance without a pre-cooling protocol; During a tennis match the following variables were monitored: heart rate, core temperature, skin temperature, thermal sensation and comfort, rating of perceived exertion and hydration status.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Heart rate	Heart rate data were continuously monitored using a Polar Team system (Polar® Team 2, Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland	Up to 4 hours, during a one complete tennis match
Core temperature	Visceral temperature was continuously recorded throughout the match using telemetric pills (BodyCap, Caen, France)	Up to 4 hours, during a one complete tennis match
Skin temperature	Skin temperature was continuously recorded throughout the match using iBUTTON sensors (type DS1921 H, Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor Corp., USA)	Up to 4 hours, during a one complete tennis match
Change from baseline thermal comfort at after each set	Thermal comfort was assessed via the thermal comfort scale (1 = comfortable; 5 = extremely uncomfortable).	Change from baseline up to 1 hour after each set and up to 4 hours at the end of the match
Change from baseline thermal sensation at after each set	Thermal sensation was assessed via the thermal sensation scale (-3 = cold; +3 = hot)	Change from baseline up to 1 hour after each set and up to 4 hours at the end of the match
Change from baseline rating of perceived exertion at after each set	We used the Borg 20th Scale (6 = no exertion at all; 20 = maximal exertion)	Change from baseline up to 1 hour after each set and up to 4 hours at the end of the match
Change from baseline urine specific gravity (hydration status) at the end of each match	Urine samples was obtained to evaluate the urine specific gravity. Urine specific gravity (single assessmentno units) was assessed using a refractometer (PAL-10S, ATAGO CO., LTD., Fukaya, Saitama Prefecture, Japan). Urine color was assessed using a urine color scale	Change from baseline up to 4 hours at the end of the tennis match
Match - play characteristics (i.e., performance)	They were recorded by analyzing the video footage from the match. The quantitative performance indices assessed were: games and points won in each set and normalized to the number of games and points recorded in each set, respectively. Unforced errors, first and second serve accuracy, aces, shots per rally and direction changes in each point calculated. Point's duration, between point-duration as well the effective point time calculated. The effective point time starting with the ball toss of the serve and ending when the ball passed the player or bounced twice on court. In case of double fault, starting time recorded from the beginning of the second serve.	Up to 4 hours, during a one complete tennis match
Air temperature	It was measured continuously using a portable weather station (Kestrel 5500FW Fire Weather Meter Pro, USA) placed 1 meter above the ground according to the manufacturer's	Up to 4 hours, during a one complete tennis match
Relative humidity	It was measured continuously using a portable weather station (Kestrel 5500FW Fire Weather Meter Pro, USA) placed 1 meter above the ground according to the manufacturer's guidelines	Up to 4 hours, during a one complete tennis match
Wind speed	It was measured continuously using a portable weather station (Kestrel 5500FW Fire Weather Meter Pro, USA) placed 1 meter above the ground according to the manufacturer's guidelines	Up to 4 hours, during a one complete tennis match
Solar radiation	It was measured continuously using a portable weather station (Kestrel 5500FW Fire Weather Meter Pro, USA) placed 1 meter above the ground according to the manufacturer's guidelines. Solar radiation is measured directly by the device of portable weather station.	Up to 4 hours, during a one complete tennis match

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Petros Dinas

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Misailidi M, Mantzios K, Papakonstantinou C, Ioannou LG, Flouris AD. Environmental and Psychophysical Heat Stress in Adolescent Tennis Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2021 Dec 1;16(12):1895-1900. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0820. Epub 2021 May 21.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): August 1, 2018
• Primary Completion (Actual): September 30, 2018
• Study Completion (Actual): September 30, 2018

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: December 7, 2019
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 12, 2019
• First Posted (Actual): December 13, 2019

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): December 13, 2019
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 12, 2019
• Last Verified: December 1, 2019

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: exercise; children; thermal; performance; heat stress; heat strain
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Wounds and Injuries; Heat Stress Disorders
• Other Study ID Numbers: 8. Tennis pre-cooling

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No