Leveraging Behavioral Economics to Understand and Improve Financial Decision Making Among Vulnerable Older Adults

实验性的：Participants receiving informational self-nudges to improve financial decision-making

Participants will be asked to virtually go through financial self-nudging informational content during the week prior to completing behavioral tasks. Self-nudging informational content contains strategies to enhance financial decision-making.

行为的：Participants receiving informational self-nudges to improve financial decision-making

Participants will be asked to virtually go through financial self-nudging informational content during the week prior to completing behavioral tasks. Self-nudging informational content contains strategies to enhance financial decision-making.

实验性的：Control - Participants receiving informational content on healthy eating and physical activity

The control group will be exposed to informational content on healthy eating and physical activity (obtained through the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and/or National Institute on Aging webpages).

行为的：Control - Participants receiving informational content on healthy eating and physical activity

The control group will be exposed to informational content on healthy eating and physical activity (obtained through the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and/or National Institute on Aging webpages).

Frequency of choosing the riskier option on the risk tolerance decision-making task

Participants will complete a decision-making session that captures multiple dimensions of behavioral preferences via incentivized choice-based tasks with real monetary rewards. The study team will administer the following decision-making task via a web-based survey platform to characterize risk tolerance (willingness to accept uncertain outcomes). The task involves multiple rounds (between 20 to 40) that vary option-specific information to facilitate mapping of elicited behavioral responses onto parameters characterizing standard utility functions.

Frequency of choosing the more trusting option on the trust decision-making task

Participants will complete a decision-making session that captures multiple dimensions of behavioral preferences via incentivized choice-based tasks with real monetary rewards. The study team will administer the following decision-making task via a web-based survey platform to characterize interpersonal trust (willingness to accept being vulnerable to other people). The task involves multiple rounds (between 20 to 40) that vary option-specific information to facilitate mapping of elicited behavioral responses onto parameters characterizing standard utility functions.

Frequency of choosing the more altruistic option on the altruism decision-making task

Participants will complete a decision-making session that captures multiple dimensions of behavioral preferences via incentivized choice-based tasks with real monetary rewards. The study team will administer the following decision-making task via a web-based survey platform to characterize altruism (willingness to incur a financial cost to benefit another person). The task involves multiple rounds (between 20 to 40) that vary option-specific information to facilitate mapping of elicited behavioral responses onto parameters characterizing standard utility functions.

Frequency of choosing the more patient option on the impatience decision-making task

Participants will complete a decision-making session that captures multiple dimensions of behavioral preferences via incentivized choice-based tasks with real monetary rewards. The study team will administer the following decision-making task via a web-based survey platform to characterize patience (willingness to forego a sooner reward for a bigger future reward). The task involves multiple rounds (between 20 to 40) that vary option-specific information to facilitate mapping of elicited behavioral responses onto parameters characterizing standard utility functions.

Frequency of choosing the less loss-averse option on the loss-aversion decision-making task

Participants will complete a decision-making session that captures multiple dimensions of behavioral preferences via incentivized choice-based tasks with real monetary rewards. The study team will administer the following decision-making task via a web-based survey platform to characterize loss aversion (tendency to weigh potential losses more heavily than equivalent gains). The task involves multiple rounds (between 20 to 40) that vary option-specific information to facilitate mapping of elicited behavioral responses onto parameters characterizing standard utility functions.

Physiological arousal as measured via heart rate

Participants recruited for in-lab sessions will complete the decision-making tasks while also sitting before a monitor with an eye-tracker to monitor attention, a webcam to monitor facial expressions, and with a wireless device (non-invasive transmitter placed on participant's wrist with two electrodes attached to finger) worn to monitor physiological measurements (heart rate and skin conductance) while completing the choice-based tasks.

Physiological arousal as measured via skin conductance

Participants recruited for in-lab sessions will complete the decision-making tasks while also sitting before a monitor with an eye-tracker to monitor attention, a webcam to monitor facial expressions, and with a wireless device (non-invasive transmitter placed on participant's wrist with two electrodes attached to finger) worn to monitor physiological measurements (heart rate and skin conductance) while completing the choice-based tasks.

Physiological arousal as measured via pupil dilation

Participants recruited for in-lab sessions will complete the decision-making tasks while also sitting before a monitor with an eye-tracker to monitor attention, a webcam to monitor facial expressions, and with a wireless device (non-invasive transmitter placed on participant's wrist with two electrodes attached to finger) worn to monitor physiological measurements (heart rate and skin conductance) while completing the choice-based tasks.

Frequency of facial expressions associated with valence and engagement

Participants recruited for in-lab sessions will complete the decision-making tasks while also sitting before a monitor with an eye-tracker to monitor attention, a webcam to monitor facial expressions, and with a wireless device (non-invasive transmitter placed on participant's wrist with two electrodes attached to finger) worn to monitor physiological measurements (heart rate and skin conductance) while completing the choice-based tasks. Facial expressions will be assessed using a facial expression analysis system (iMotions software).

Attention as assessed by eye fixations

Participants recruited for in-lab sessions will complete the decision-making tasks while also sitting before a monitor with an eye-tracker to monitor attention, a webcam to monitor facial expressions, and with a wireless device (non-invasive transmitter placed on participant's wrist with two electrodes attached to finger) worn to monitor physiological measurements (heart rate and skin conductance) while completing the choice-based tasks. Relative fixation duration on each option in the behavioral tasks will be measured via an eye tracker (SmartEye).

Response time during the behavioral tasks

Response time will be reported as the time from stimulus presentation to choice, in milliseconds.