Evaluation of Two Anti-HIV Treatment Strategies in Resource-Limited South African Communities

"Safeguard the Household" - A Study of HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Treatment Strategies Appropriate for a Resource Poor Country

The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of several anti-HIV treatment strategies in resource-poor South African communities. The strategies being studied are using specially trained doctors or nurses to administer HIV care.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: HIV Infections
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Efavirenz; Behavioral: Monitoring by an HIV-trained medical doctor; Drug: Lamivudine; Drug: Lopinavir/Ritonavir; Drug: Nevirapine; Drug: Stavudine; Behavioral: Monitoring by an HIV-trained primary care nurse

Detailed Description

The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for the treatment of HIV has dramatically improved morbidity and mortality for HIV infected people in the developed world. However, research data on the efficacy of ART regimens in developing countries, such as South Africa, are limited. There are an estimated 4.7 million HIV infected individuals in the South African population of about 40 million inhabitants. The greatest social impact may be achieved by treating an entire household affected by HIV to ensure maximum adherence to prescribed ART regimens and to minimize the sharing of antiretroviral drugs. This study will evaluate the effectiveness of ART given by an HIV-trained doctor compared to ART given by an HIV-trained primary health care nurse. Participants failing first-line therapy will receive a second-line regimen based on what medications are available at the clinic, with approval by the clinical safety team. Participants in this study will be recruited from resource-poor communities outside Johannesburg and Cape Town, South Africa.

This study will last 5 years. HIV infected people and other HIV infected members of their household 16 years of age and older will be enrolled. Study participants will receive first-line ART consisting of efavirenz (EFV) once daily, lamivudine (3TC) twice daily, and stavudine (d4T) twice daily. Women of childbearing potential who are unwilling to use acceptable forms of contraception and who have CD4 counts less than 250 cells/mm3 will receive 3TC twice daily; nevirapine (NVP) daily for 2 weeks, then twice daily; and d4T twice daily. Women who are pregnant at baseline, who become pregnant on study treatment, or who are unwilling to use acceptable methods of contraception and have CD4 counts of 250 cells/mm3 or more, or children who were previously exposed to NVP will receive 3TC twice daily, lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) twice daily, and d4T twice daily. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two arms. Arm 1 will receive ART under the monitoring care of an HIV-trained medical doctor, while Arm 2 will receive ART under the monitoring care of an HIV-trained primary health care nurse with training in HIV diagnosis and treatment. Participants who fail their first-line regimen will receive a second-line regimen but will remain in their treatment arms.

Study visits will occur at study entry; Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12; and every 12 weeks thereafter. A physical exam, measurement of height and weight, tuberculosis (TB) and hepatitis B infection screening, blood collection, pill counts, and compliance/adherence and resource utilization counseling will occur at most visits. Participants will also be asked to complete quality of life and household cost questionnaires at selected visits. Study visits for participants who fail first-line treatment will occur at treatment failure, between Days 15 and 30, Week 4 post-treatment failure, every 4 weeks until Week 48 post-treatment failure, and every 12 weeks thereafter. A targeted physical exam, measurement of height and weight, TB infection screening, blood collection, pill counts, and compliance/adherence and resource utilization counseling will occur at most visits. Participants will also be asked to complete quality of life and household cost questionnaires at selected visits.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 812
• Phase: Not Applicable

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 16 years and older (Child, Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• HIV-1 infected
• Current severe CDC Category B AIDS-defining illness (with the exception of a single episode of bacterial sepsis or a single episode of zoster), OR history of a severe CDC Category B or C AIDS-defining illness, OR one CD4 count less than 350 cells/mm3 within 6 months prior to study entry
• Antiretroviral naive. A participant who previously received 6 weeks or less of post-exposure prophylaxis or short course therapy for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission are not excluded. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
• Willing to use acceptable forms of contraception
• Parent or guardian willing to provide informed consent, if applicable

Exclusion Criteria:

• Current newly diagnosed CDC Category C AIDS-defining opportunistic infection or condition requiring acute therapy at the time of study entry. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
• Therapy with agents with significant systemic myelosuppressive, neurotoxic, pancreatotoxic, hepatotoxic, or cytotoxic potential within 30 days prior to study entry
• Require certain medications
• Current alcohol or substance abuse that, in the opinion of the investigator, may interfere with the study
• Uncontrolled diarrhea (more than 6 stools per day for 7 consecutive days) within 30 days prior to study entry
• Diagnosis of or suspected acute hepatitis within 30 days prior to study entry
• Signs or symptoms of bilateral peripheral neuropathy of Grade 2 or greater at screening
• Inability to tolerate oral medication
• Any other clinical condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, may interfere with the study
• In the first trimester of pregnancy

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: A; Study-specified Antiretroviral regimen under care of HIV-trained medical doctor	Drug: Efavirenz; 600 mg tablet taken orally daily; Other Names: EFV; Behavioral: Monitoring by an HIV-trained medical doctor; Participants will receive care from an HIV-trained medical doctor; Drug: Lamivudine; 150 mg tablet taken orally daily; Other Names: 3TC; Drug: Lopinavir/Ritonavir; 400 mg lopinavir/100mg ritonavir tablet taken orally twice daily; Other Names: LPV/RTV; Drug: Nevirapine; 200 mg tablet taken orally for 14 days before taking a 200 mg tablet orally twice daily; Other Names: NVP; Drug: Stavudine; Tablet taken orally daily. Dosage depends on weight.; Other Names: d4T
Active Comparator: B; Study-specified Antiretroviral regimen under care of HIV-trained primary care nurse	Drug: Efavirenz; 600 mg tablet taken orally daily; Other Names: EFV; Drug: Lamivudine; 150 mg tablet taken orally daily; Other Names: 3TC; Drug: Lopinavir/Ritonavir; 400 mg lopinavir/100mg ritonavir tablet taken orally twice daily; Other Names: LPV/RTV; Drug: Nevirapine; 200 mg tablet taken orally for 14 days before taking a 200 mg tablet orally twice daily; Other Names: NVP; Drug: Stavudine; Tablet taken orally daily. Dosage depends on weight.; Other Names: d4T; Behavioral: Monitoring by an HIV-trained primary care nurse; Participants will receive care from an HIV-trained primary care nurse

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Cumulative Treatment Failure Rate of Participants on First Line Antiretroviral Therapy Monitored by Primary Health Care Nurses (Investigative Arm)is Not Inferior to the Cumulative Treatment Failure Rate of Participants Monitored by Doctors (Control Arm).	Cumulative treatment failure is a composite endpoint made up of death, virological failure, toxicity failure and protocol-defined loss to follow-up failure.	96 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
To Compare Subject Adherence to First Line Antiretroviral Treatment as Measured by Pill Count, Between the Two Primary Health Care Monitoring Models.	Throughout study
Drug Resistance HIV Mutations, Defined by Demonstration of Virologic Failure	Throughout the study
To Compare the Overall Clinical Safety of Antiretroviral Therapy, as Measured by the Occurrence of Clinical and Laboratory Grade 3 and 4 Adverse Events, Between Primary Health Care Monitoring Arms.	Throughout study
To Estimate the Total and Incremental Costs, From the Provider and Societal Perspectives, of the Two Approaches (the Primary Health Care Sister and Doctor) to the Provision of Antiretrovirals in Primary Health Care Services in Each Study Site.	Throughout study

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: CIPRA SA
• Collaborators: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: James McIntyre, MBChB, MRCOG, Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital; Principal Investigator: Ian Sanne, MBChB, University of the Witwatersrand, Thembaletu Clinic, Helen Joseph Hospital; Principal Investigator: Robin Wood, MBChB, FCP (SA), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Hosseinipour MC, Kazembe PN, Sanne IM, van der Horst CM. Challenges in delivering antiretroviral treatment in resource poor countries. AIDS. 2002;16 Suppl 4:S177-87. doi: 10.1097/00002030-200216004-00024. No abstract available.
• Sanne I, van der Horst C. Research as a path to wide-scale implementation of antiretroviral therapy in Africa. J HIV Ther. 2004 Sep;9(3):65-8.
• Wools-Kaloustian K, Kimaiyo S. Extending HIV care in resource-limited settings. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2006 Nov;3(4):182-6. doi: 10.1007/s11904-006-0014-1.
• Brehm JH, Koontz DL, Wallis CL, Shutt KA, Sanne I, Wood R, McIntyre JA, Stevens WS, Sluis-Cremer N, Mellors JW; CIPRA-SA Project 1 Study Team. Frequent emergence of N348I in HIV-1 subtype C reverse transcriptase with failure of initial therapy reduces susceptibility to reverse-transcriptase inhibitors. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Sep;55(5):737-45. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis501. Epub 2012 May 22.
• Orrell C, Cohen K, Conradie F, Zeinecker J, Ive P, Sanne I, Wood R. Efavirenz and rifampicin in the South African context: is there a need to dose-increase efavirenz with concurrent rifampicin therapy? Antivir Ther. 2011;16(4):527-34. doi: 10.3851/IMP1780.
• Sanne I, Orrell C, Fox MP, Conradie F, Ive P, Zeinecker J, Cornell M, Heiberg C, Ingram C, Panchia R, Rassool M, Gonin R, Stevens W, Truter H, Dehlinger M, van der Horst C, McIntyre J, Wood R; CIPRA-SA Study Team. Nurse versus doctor management of HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (CIPRA-SA): a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2010 Jul 3;376(9734):33-40. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60894-X. Erratum In: Lancet. 2010 Sep 25;376(9746):1054.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: July 1, 2006
• Primary Completion (Actual): January 1, 2009
• Study Completion (Actual): January 1, 2009

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: November 16, 2005
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 16, 2005
• First Posted (Estimate): November 21, 2005

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): June 21, 2011
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 17, 2011
• Last Verified: June 1, 2011

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Treatment Naive
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: RNA Virus Infections; Virus Diseases; Infections; Blood-Borne Infections; Communicable Diseases; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Lentivirus Infections; Retroviridae Infections; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Immune System Diseases; HIV Infections; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Anti-Infective Agents; Antiviral Agents; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; Enzyme Inhibitors; Anti-HIV Agents; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Antimetabolites; Protease Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inducers; HIV Protease Inhibitors; Viral Protease Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Inducers; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inhibitors; Nevirapine; Ritonavir; Lopinavir; Lamivudine; Stavudine; Efavirenz
• Other Study ID Numbers: CIPRA-SA Project 1; U19AI053217 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract); 3U19AI053217-03S1 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract); 3U19AI053217-04S1 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract); 3U19AI053217-04 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)