A Single-arm, Open-label, Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetics of Darunavir and Ritonavir, Darunavir and Cobicistat, Etravirine, and Rilpivirine in HIV-1 Infected Pregnant Women

A Single Arm, Open Label Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetics of Darunavir and Ritonavir, Darunavir and Cobicistat, Etravirine, and Rilpivirine in HIV-1 Infected Pregnant Women

The purpose of this study is to study how changes in the body during pregnancy influence the blood levels of TMC114 (darunavir) and ritonavir taken together, darunavir and cobicistat taken as a fixed-dose combination, TMC125 (etravirine) taken alone or with darunavir and ritonavir or rilpivirine in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). This study will examine how these drugs are absorbed in the body, how they are distributed within the body and how they are removed from the body over time. Any pregnant woman who is currently receiving darunavir with ritonavir, darunavir with cobicistat, etravirine or rilpivirine for HIV-1, and who meets the eligibility criteria for the study, will be allowed to enroll. Patients must be willing to remain on study medication during the course of their pregnancy, and 12 weeks postpartum. The information collected may help answer questions about how to best prescribe these three drugs for pregnant women.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: HIV Infections; Pregnancy; HIV
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Darunavir; Drug: Ritonavir; Drug: Etravirine; Drug: Rilpivirine; Drug: Darunavir/Cobicistat (FDC)

Detailed Description

There are many biological changes that occur during pregnancy, some of which may affect the way HIV medications are absorbed, distributed and removed within the body. Some medications have been used for HIV treatment during pregnancy, but little is known about how pregnancy affects the class of drugs being used in this study. To participate in this study, patients must be receiving 600mg of TMC114 (darunavir) taken with 100mg ritonavir twice daily or 800mg of TMC114 (darunavir) with 100mg of ritonavir once daily or 800 mg of darunavir taken with 150mg of cobicistat taken once daily or 200mg of TMC125 (etravirine) (with or without darunavir/ ritonavir) taken twice daily or 25mg of TMC278 (rilpivirine) taken once daily plus additional antiretroviral drugs needed to construct an active antiretroviral regimen. Darunavir and ritonavir, darunavir and cobicistat, etravirine, or rilpivirine will be supplied to study participants. Darunavir and ritonavir are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PIs); cobicistat is a pharmacoenhancer which boosts the levels of darunavir but has no anti-HIV activity; etravirine and rilpivirine are non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) of HIV. Twelve-hour or twenty four-hour blood sampling will be done for each patient at each of three study visits: Visit 4 (2nd trimester), Visit 5 (3rd trimester), and Visit 8 (6-12 weeks postpartum). Eight blood draws will be taken during each visit: One prior to intake of study medication, and one for each of seven post-dose sampling time-points (hours 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9 and 12). The study is designed primarily to examine the pharmacokinetics of darunavir/ritonavir (darunavir/r), darunavir/ cobicistat, etravirine or rilpivirine during the second and third trimesters of gestation, as well as postpartum. Pharmacokinetics measures how the body absorbs, distributes and excretes medication. The study will also examine any changes in anti-viral activity during pregnancy, and the postpartum period. It will note any safety and tolerability of the medications used by the mother, and will measure the level of darunavir/ritonavir, darunavir/ cobicistat, etravirine or rilpivirine in the newborn's cord blood at the time of delivery; outcomes for both mother and child will be assessed as well. During the treatment period, patients will be seen at regular visits in the clinic, where the investigator will assess the patient's medical condition, any Adverse Events and study drug compliance. Laboratory evaluations for efficacy and safety will be done at regular visits as well as blood pressure monitoring. Up to forty-eight (48) HIV positive pregnant women will participate in this study. Study enrollment will be closed once 12 evaluable patients taking darunavir/ritonavir once daily, 12 evaluable patients taking darunavir/cobicistat once daily, 12 evaluable patients taking darunavir/ritonavir twice daily, 12 evaluable patients taking etravirine taking twice daily and 12 evaluable patients taking rilpivirine once daily have been enrolled. The study will be conducted at approximately 14 research centers in the United States and 1 in Puerto Rico. In order to participate, patients must be pregnant for 13-24 weeks. The primary purpose (or outcome) of the study is to assess the influence of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetics of darunavir/ritonavir, darunavir/ cobicistat, etravirine or rilpivirine during the second and third trimesters of gestation, as well as postpartum. Darunavir: One 600 mg or two 300 mg tablets taken twice daily by mouth (two or four tablets a day total). Ritonavir: 100mg tablet taken twice daily by mouth (two tablets a day total), together with darunavir. Darunavir: Two 400 mg tablets taken once daily by mouth (two tablets a day total). Ritonavir: 100mg tablet taken once daily by mouth (one tablet a day total), together with darunavir. Darunavir/ cobicistat: a fixed dose combination containing 800mg of darunavir and 150mg of cobicistat. Etravirine: Two 100 mg tablets taken twice daily by mouth (four tablets a day total). Rilpivirine: One 25mg tablet taken once daily by mouth (one tablet a day total). Study medication will be given from the baseline visit (second pregnancy trimester) until Visit 8 (up to 12 weeks after delivery).

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 77
• Phase: Phase 3

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Puerto Rico
  • San Juan Pr, Puerto Rico
• United States
  • Florida
    • Daytona Beach, Florida, United States
    • Jacksonville, Florida, United States
    • Miami, Florida, United States
    • Pensacola, Florida, United States
    • Port Saint Lucie, Florida, United States
    • West Palm Beach, Florida, United States
  • Georgia
    • Savannah, Georgia, United States
  • Illinois
    • Chicago, Illinois, United States
  • Massachusetts
    • Springfield, Massachusetts, United States
  • Michigan
    • Dearborn, Michigan, United States
  • New York
    • Bronx, New York, United States
    • Syracuse, New York, United States
  • North Carolina
    • Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
    • Greensboro, North Carolina, United States
  • Pennsylvania
    • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
  • Texas
    • Bellaire, Texas, United States

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: Female

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Pregnant females (18-26 weeks of gestation)
• documented HIV-1 infection
• Receiving darunavir/ritonavir, darunavir/cobicistat, etravirine, or rilpivirine at the time of study entry
• Willing to remain on darunavir/ritonavir, darunavir/cobicistat, etravirine, or rilpivirine as well as a background regimen, for the duration of the study, including 12 weeks postpartum
• Able to comply with the protocol requirements and to provide written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients with any currently active acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) defining illness and AIDS-related opportunistic infection
• Patients using cytokine inhibitors (e.g., thalidomide), anabolic hormones, cytokines (e.g., IL-2, INF), efavirenz, hydroxyurea, oral hypoglycemics, systemic chemotherapy or known teratogenic agent
• Use of an investigational agent within 90 days
• Any known fetal anomaly
• Any current obstetric complication, including multiple gestations and pre-term labor
• Hepatitis B and/or C virus infection
• Grade 2 or higher anemia
• Thyroid disease
• Uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus Types I and II, or gestational diabetes, as determined by the investigator

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Non-Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

5

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Group 1: Darunavir 600 /Ritonavir 100; TMC114 (darunavir) Two 300 milligram (mg) or one 600 mg tablet twice daily up to 12 weeks postpartum / ritonavir one 100 mg tablet twice daily with darunavir up to 12 weeks postpartum.	Drug: Darunavir; TMC114 (darunavir) two 300 mg or one 600 mg tablet twice daily up to 12 weeks postpartum in Group 1. TMC114 (darunavir) 800mg tablet once daily up to 12 weeks postpartum in Group 2.; Drug: Ritonavir; 100 mg tablet twice daily up to 12 weeks postpartum.
Experimental: Group 2: Darunavir 800/Ritonavir 100; TMC114 (darunavir) 800mg tablet once daily up to 12 weeks postpartum/ ritonavir one 100 mg tablet once daily with darunavir up to 12 weeks postpartum.	Drug: Darunavir; TMC114 (darunavir) two 300 mg or one 600 mg tablet twice daily up to 12 weeks postpartum in Group 1. TMC114 (darunavir) 800mg tablet once daily up to 12 weeks postpartum in Group 2.; Drug: Ritonavir; 100 mg tablet twice daily up to 12 weeks postpartum.
Experimental: Group 3: Etravirine; TMC125 (etravirine) 200 mg (1*200 mg/2*100 mg) tablets twice daily up to 12 weeks postpartum.	Drug: Etravirine; 200 mg (1*200 mg/2*100 mg) tablets twice daily up to 12 weeks postpartum.
Experimental: Group 4: Rilpivirine; TMC278 (rilpivirine) One 25 mg tablet once daily up to 12 weeks postpartum.	Drug: Rilpivirine; One 25 mg tablet once daily up to 12 weeks postpartum.
Experimental: Group 5: Darunavir 800/Cobicistat 150; Fixed dose combination (FDC) tablet of TMC114 (darunavir) 800 mg and cobicistat 150 mg once daily up to 12 weeks postpartum.	Drug: Darunavir/Cobicistat (FDC); Fixed dose combination (FDC) tablet of TMC114 (darunavir) 800 mg and cobicistat 150 mg once daily up to 12 weeks postpartum.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Predose (Trough) Plasma Concentration (C0h)	C0h is defined as the predose (trough) plasma concentration or concentration just prior to study drug administration.	Predose on Weeks 24-28 (Visit 4, 2nd trimester), 34-38 (visit 5, 3rd trimester) and 6-12 weeks postpartum (visit 8)
Minimum Plasma Concentration (Cmin)	The Cmin is the minimum observed plasma concentration.	Between Predose and 24 hours postdose at Weeks 24-28 (Visit 4, 2nd trimester), 34-38 (visit 5, 3rd trimester) and 6-12 weeks postpartum (visit 8)
Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax)	The Cmax is the maximum observed plasma concentration.	Between Predose and 24 hours postdose at Weeks 24-28 (Visit 4, 2nd trimester), 34-38 (visit 5, 3rd trimester) and 6-12 weeks postpartum (visit 8)
Time to Reach the Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax)	The Tmax is defined as actual sampling time to reach maximum observed plasma concentration.	Between Predose and 24 hours postdose at Weeks 24-28 (Visit 4, 2nd trimester), 34-38 (visit 5, 3rd trimester) and 6-12 weeks postpartum (visit 8)
Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time of Administration to 12 Hours Post-dose (AUC0-12h)	The AUC (0-12) is the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 12 hours post dose. The selected arms were based on the dosing frequency (twice daily).	Between Predose and 24 hours postdose at Weeks 24-28 (Visit 4, 2nd trimester), 34-38 (visit 5, 3rd trimester) and 6-12 weeks postpartum (visit 8)
Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time of Administration to 24 Hours Post-dose (AUC0-24h)	The AUC (0-24) is the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 24 hours post dose. The selected arms were based on the dosing frequency (once daily).	Between Predose and 24 hours postdose at Weeks 24-28 (Visit 4, 2nd trimester), 34-38 (visit 5, 3rd trimester) and 6-12 weeks postpartum (visit 8)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of Participants With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Plasma Viral Load (<) 50 Copies/Milliliter (mL)	Number of participants were assessed with a viral load (VL) lesser than (<) 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/ mL over time.	Up to postpartum (6-12 weeks)
Mean Change From Baseline in Log10 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Viral Load Value	Mean change from baseline in log 10 HIV-1 RNA VL was assessed up to postpartum (6-12 weeks).	Baseline, 4 weeks after baseline, 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy and postpartum (2-5 weeks and 6-12 weeks)
Mean Change From Baseline in CD4+ Cell Count	Mean Change From Baseline in CD4+ Cell Count were assessed for immunology testing.	Baseline, 4 weeks after baseline, 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy and postpartum (2-5 weeks and 6-12 weeks)
Number of Participants With Resistance at Virological Failure	Resistance analysis was determined using genotypic and phenotypic analysis at the time of virological failure. For participants with a baseline viral load greater than (>) 200 copies/mL, virologic failure was defined as follows: HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) levels that did not fall by at least 0.5 log 4 weeks after Baseline; viral load >1000 copies/mL (at 2 successive visits) by gestational weeks 34-38; or viral load >200 copies/mL (at 2 successive visits) after reaching a viral load less than or equal to (<=) 200 copies/mL. For participants with a baseline viral load <=200 copies/mL, virologic failure was defined as viral load of >200 copies/mL (at 2 successive visits) at any point during the study.	Up to follow-up phase (16 weeks after postpartum)
Plasma Concentration of Drug in the Cord Plasma and Maternal Plasma Samples Collected at the Time of Delivery	The drug concentrations were evaluated in the cord plasma and maternal plasma samples collected at the time of delivery.	On day of delivery - Intrapartum (Visit 6)
Number of Infants With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Positive Test Result	The infants were evaluated for HIV positive tests using HIV polymerase chain reaction test (PCR).	Birth to age 16 weeks
Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)	An adverse event (AE) was any untoward medical occurrence in a participant who received study drug without regard to possibility of causal relationship. A serious adverse event (SAE) is an AE resulting in any of the following outcomes or deemed significant for any other reason: death; initial or prolonged inpatient hospitalization; life-threatening experience (immediate risk of dying); persistent or significant disability/incapacity; congenital anomaly.	Up to follow up period (16 weeks after postpartum)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Osiyemi O, Yasin S, Zorrilla C, Bicer C, Hillewaert V, Brown K, Crauwels HM. Pharmacokinetics, Antiviral Activity, and Safety of Rilpivirine in Pregnant Women with HIV-1 Infection: Results of a Phase 3b, Multicenter, Open-Label Study. Infect Dis Ther. 2018 Mar;7(1):147-159. doi: 10.1007/s40121-017-0184-8. Epub 2018 Jan 15.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): April 9, 2009
• Primary Completion (Actual): August 11, 2016
• Study Completion (Actual): August 11, 2016

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 2, 2009
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 2, 2009
• First Posted (Estimate): March 4, 2009

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): July 6, 2018
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 6, 2018
• Last Verified: May 1, 2018

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: HIV; Human immunodeficiency virus; HIV-1; Pregnancy; Postpartum; treatment experienced; ritonavir; darunavir; TMC114; Cobicistat; etravirine; TMC125; rilpivirine; TMC278; PREZISTA; NORVIR; INTELENCE
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: RNA Virus Infections; Virus Diseases; Infections; Blood-Borne Infections; Communicable Diseases; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Lentivirus Infections; Retroviridae Infections; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Immune System Diseases; HIV Infections; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Anti-Infective Agents; Antiviral Agents; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; Enzyme Inhibitors; Anti-HIV Agents; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Protease Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; HIV Protease Inhibitors; Viral Protease Inhibitors; Cobicistat; Ritonavir; Darunavir; Etravirine; Rilpivirine; Cobicistat mixture with darunavir
• Other Study ID Numbers: CR015442; TMC114HIV3015 (Other Identifier: Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC)

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No