Dietary Intakes and Periodontal Outcomes After Sanative Therapy

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease and a significant risk factor for tooth loss. While a link between diet and periodontal health exists, the relationship between diet and healing following periodontal therapy has yet to be investigated.The objective of this study was to determine if higher intakes of foods and nutrients with antioxidant or anti-inflammatory activity are associated with reduced probing depth following sanative therapy. Sanative therapy is a first line cost-effective treatment to manage periodontal disease and thus prevent tooth loss. Patients with chronic generalized periodontitis undergoing sanative therapy were recruited for the study. Mean probing depth was assessed at baseline and 8-16 weeks following sanative therapy. Dietary intakes of fruits, vegetables, vitamins and dietary fats were estimated using the Block 2005 food frequency questionnaire and supplement use was recorded using a questionnaire. A small venous blood sample was also collected at baseline to measure serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Periodontal Pocket

Detailed Description

Oral health, specifically the retention of teeth, is inextricably and positively linked with nutritional status of an individual. The emerging inter-relationships among obesity, type II diabetes metabolic syndrome, acute coronary syndrome and/or breast cancer with the etiology of periodontal disease identify nutrition as having a unique role in potentially modulating these complex relationships. Some nutrients such as vitamin D and fatty acids have been studied more extensively than other nutrients. Cross-sectional studies using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data or other cohorts have identified that individuals with higher intakes of vitamin D or omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have a decreased risk of periodontal disease and tooth loss. One study has identified that individuals with better vitamin D status (measured as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D) have better recovery after sanative therapy. Sanative therapy is a routine, first line cost-effective treatment to manage periodontal disease and thus prevent tooth loss. It is a non-surgical process involving mechanical debridement of bacterial biofilms on the roots of teeth, below the level of the gum line. Although one study has reported associations between vitamin D and outcomes after sanative therapy, the status of other nutrients or overall dietary patterns has not been assessed in relation to recovery from sanative therapy. The objective of this study was to determine if higher intakes of foods and nutrients with antioxidant or anti-inflammatory activity, including fruits, vegetables, β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids were associated with reduced probing depth following sanative therapy.

The study took place at a periodontal clinic in Southern Ontario, Canada. Prior to enrolment, patients attended a consultation where a baseline periodontal examination, including measurement of probing depth at six sites per tooth was completed. Patients with chronic generalized periodontitis who were then prescribed sanative therapy as part of their treatment plan were invited to participate in the study. The study was explained to them and they were presented with a letter of invitation. Written consent was then obtained from patients wishing to participate.

Patients returned to the clinical approximately two months later for their sanative therapy appointment. Prior to meeting with the hygienist who performed sanative therapy, participants met with a study nurse. The nurse collected a venous blood sample, which was used for measurement of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. The nurse also measured participant's height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference. After sanative therapy was performed, participants were provided with the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire and a supplement use questionnaire to be completed at home. Participants then returned to the clinic 8 -16 weeks later for their routine follow-up examination, which included measurement of periodontal probing depth. Additionally, information including participants age, sex, health conditions, medications, allergies and smoking habits was recorded from the medical forms that were completed during their consultation visit.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 129

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 19 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

• Sampling Method: Probability Sample

Study Population

Patients undergoing sanative therapy for the treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• All adult patients undergoing sanative therapy were eligible.

Exclusion Criteria:

• under 19 years of age

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Periodontal healing evaluated based on changes in mean probing depth	Healing is evaluated based on changes in mean probing depth	Baseline and between 8 and 16 weeks after sanative therapy

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Dietary nutrient intakes	Dietary intakes were measured using the BLOCK food frequency questionnaire	Completed by participant anytime between study enrolment and follow-up (8 to 16 weeks after sanative therapy)
Supplemental nutrient intakes	Supplemental intakes were measured using a dietary supplement use questionnaire	Completed by participant anytime between study enrolment and follow-up (8 to 16 weeks after sanative therapy)
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations	A venous blood sample was collected and sent to a medical laboratory for vitamin D testing.	Sample collected at baseline visit when sanative therapy was performed

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Brock University
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Wendy E Ward, PhD, Professor

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Dodington DW, Fritz PC, Sullivan PJ, Ward WE. Higher Intakes of Fruits and Vegetables, beta-Carotene, Vitamin C, alpha-Tocopherol, EPA, and DHA Are Positively Associated with Periodontal Healing after Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy in Nonsmokers but Not in Smokers. J Nutr. 2015 Nov;145(11):2512-9. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.211524. Epub 2015 Sep 30.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: January 1, 2013
• Primary Completion (Actual): August 1, 2014
• Study Completion (Actual): August 1, 2014

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: October 16, 2014
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 14, 2014
• First Posted (Estimate): November 17, 2014

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): August 28, 2018
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 27, 2018
• Last Verified: August 1, 2018

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Stomatognathic Diseases; Periodontal Diseases; Mouth Diseases; Periodontitis; Periodontal Pocket
• Other Study ID Numbers: BrockU