A Pilot fMRI Study of TMS in Late-Life Severe Worry (TINA)

Investigators will test a novel intervention through experimental therapeutic approach using fMRI-directed Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation (iTBS), a high frequency TMS paradigm, for the treatment of severe, uncontrollable worry. While worry is a universal human experience, severe and excessive worry has been recently linked to increased risk of stroke and other cardiovascular diseases, increased risk of conversion to Alzheimer's disease as well as to higher risk of all-cause mortality in midlife and late-life. Severe, uncontrollable worry has been repeatedly associated with reduced quality of life and impaired functioning. Current treatment choices (antidepressant/anxiolytic medications and psychotherapeutic interventions) have been proven moderately efficacious in reducing anxiety/depression burden, but ineffective in reducing worry severity, a phenomenon that may contribute to the high relapse rates associated with mood and anxiety disorders. Our research indicated that worry severity is associated with hyperactivation in specific regions such as orbital frontal cortex, superior parietal gyrus, amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus. This pilot study will explore the efficacy of targeting one of these regions with iTBS. Based on investigators' previous results, the most accessible target is the right superior parietal gyrus (rSPG) - a region that remained significantly associated with severe worry after controlling for effects of comorbid depression or overall anxiety. As this region showed an increased in cerebrovascular flow in association with worry severity, investigators will use iTBS (5x/week for 2 weeks) to modulate cortical plasticity in this region and consequently, to reduce worry severity.

TMS during wakefulness has been shown to alter subsequent sleep [4], Further, changes in sleep in response to TMS has been associated with how participants respond to the TMS as a treatment [5]. Thus, the study will measure sleep throughout the protocol to determine whether sleep changes as a function of TMS and whether sleep changes are associated with treatment response.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Anxiety Disorders Generalized
• Intervention / Treatment: Device: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Detailed Description

Background:

Twenty percent of older adults in the community report severe worry. While worry is a universal human experience, severe and excessive worry in older adults has been recently linked to increased risk of stroke and other cardiovascular diseases, increased risk of conversion to Alzheimer's disease as well as to higher risk of all-cause mortality. As worry is a transdiagnostic construct, it is present in several mood and anxiety disorders, including major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Current treatment choices in late-life (antidepressant/anxiolytic medications and psychotherapeutic interventions) have been proven moderately efficacious in reducing anxiety/depression burden, but ineffective in reducing worry severity, a phenomenon that may contribute to the high relapse rates associated with mood and anxiety disorders in the geriatric population. These elements support the need for novel, experimental interventions specifically designed to target the neural basis of severe worry in late-life. Through a pre-existing study (R01 MH108509), investigators focus on describing the behavior of canonical neural networks during resting state and during worry induction in participants with low-to-high worry. The research indicates that simple induction of worry activates a distinct set of regions (caudate/thalamus, visual cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate). Given the universality and potential evolutionary benefits of worry, investigators believe that the neural network associated with worry induction supports a normal, physiologic experience. However, the regions involved in maintaining worry (hippocampus, thalamus) as well as those associated with severe worry (orbitofrontal cortex, superior parietal gyrus, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus) support a pathological phenomenon and may represent ideal targets for interventions.

This pilot study will test the engagement of therapeutic targets during TBS. Based on the investigators' preliminary results, the most accessible and relevant target is the parietal cortex - a region that in the investigators K 23 sample remained significantly associated with severe worry after controlling for effects of comorbid depression or overall anxiety. As parietal cortex cerebrovascular flow increased in association with worry severity, the investigators will use inhibitory TBS [high frequency TMS at 1 Hz] to modulate cortical plasticity and consequently reduce worry severity. To test target engagement, the research team will use the in-scanner worry induction paradigm designed by Dr. Andreescu and her mentors during her K23 award and currently use to probe worry induction in the R01 MH108509. Given the exploratory nature of this proposal and based on our preliminary data, we will use two measures of target engagement: 1) the relative decrease in BOLD signal in the parietal cortex and 2) the relative decrease in rSPG-dACC functional connectivity.

Significance:

1. Severe worry in late-life carries a significant health care risk. Worry is defined as a complex affective and cognitive process, negative-affect laden, and relatively uncontrollable [6]. While worry is a universal human experience that may confer an evolutionary advantage by modifying threat-related decision-making, severe and excessive worry has been recently linked to increased risk of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease [7], and with increased risk of stroke and other cardiovascular events, after controlling for depression and vascular risk factors. Severe worry is also associated with interruption in functioning and reduced quality of life and with a higher risk of all-cause mortality in midlife and late-life.
2. Severe worry in late-life responds poorly to traditional interventions. Traditionally, severe worry has been confined to categories such as Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), multiple lines of research support the presence of severe worry in other several other anxiety and mood disorders. Thus, while GAD is built around the concept of severe, uncontrollable worry, only 20% of severe older worriers qualify for a GAD diagnosis. This evidence supports a major recent shift in the conceptualization of worry as a transdiagnostic entity most suitable for dimensional investigations. Current late-life GAD treatment choices, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and antidepressant pharmacotherapy, have proven moderately efficacious in reducing overall burden of anxiety but ineffective in reducing worry severity. The ineffectiveness of current treatments in reducing worry severity may be at the root of the chronic, relapsing course of late-life GAD, which is one of the least likely mental disorders to remit and most likely to relapse.
3. Novel circuit-based targets for intervention. Several neuroimaging studies have investigated both activation and functional connectivity among various brain regions involved in GAD - in adolescents and young adults. This research team has published exclusively on the neural markers of GAD in older adult participants. Also, very few studies used fMRI paradigms specifically tailored to induce worry or analyzed specifically the effect of worry severity at rest or during task. The investigators' current results point toward two different networks that may benefit from targeted interventions: the one associated exclusively with severe worry (amygdala-parahippocampus- rOFC- rSPG) and the one associated with maintenance/the protracted quality of worry (insula-caudate/thalamus-amygdala-parahippocampus).

The investigators decided to target the network associated with worry severity due to both the richer literature regarding the pernicious effect of severe worry on both public health and treatment response but also due to accessibility for TMS of the rSPG. Overall, the worry severity network seems to implicate excessive limbic/paralimbic activation potentially amplified by the cognitive anticipation of the negative affective value of future events processed through the OFC as well as probable attempts to cognitively control the arousal and dysphoria through structures such as dACC and SPG. This speculation is in line with newer interpretations of pathologic worry that suggest severe worriers both maintain arousal in order to seek out potential solutions to the anxiogenic source while attempting to inhibit representations of the potential bad outcomes.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 24
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Pennsylvania
    • Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213
      • University of Pittsburgh

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 50 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Participants must have completed Dr. Andreescu's study R01MH108509/PRO15080120.
• Penn State Worry Questionnaire score of 55 or above.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Any form of psychosis or Bipolar Disorder, dementia, a history of substance abuse within the last six months
• Use of antidepressants within the last five to fourteen days (adequate washout interval to be determined by the principal investigator (PI) based on each specific antidepressant). For fluoxetine, the washout interval will be six weeks. However, for participants who are prescribed low dose psychotropics for pain, sleep disturbances, and/or medical conditions (e.g. amitriptyline for peripheral neuropathy, low dose trazodone as a sleep aid), these will be allowed in most circumstances. We will include participants on certain dosages of the most commonly prescribed antidepressants (for medical reasons) as follows: amitriptyline up to 50 mg/d, doxepin up to 50 mg/d, trazodone up to 100 mg/d, and imipramine up to 50 mg/d. We will review other cases individually and the PI will decide if the participants are eligible for the study and if they may continue the current medication.
• Unable to complete MRI scans: presence of ferromagnetic metal in the body, claustrophobia

• Contraindications for TMS:

  1. Presence of a neurologic disorder or medical condition known to alter seizure threshold(e.g., stroke, aneurysm, brain surgery, structural brain lesion, brain injury, frequent/severe headaches)
  2. Recurrent seizures or epilepsy in participant
  3. Pregnancy
  4. Metallic implants in body located at 30 cm or less from the position of the magnetic coil; presence in the body of other devices that may be affected by magnetic field (e.g. pacemakers).
• Unable to temporarily discontinue benzodiazepines 48 hours prior to MRI scan. Participants on high doses of benzodiazepines (e.g., greater than or equivalent to 2 mg of lorazepam) will be excluded, given the complexity and potential complications of benzodiazepine taper/withdrawal.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: N/A
• Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)	Device: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS); Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS), a form of TMS, will be targeted to the Inferior Parietal Cortex based on neural navigation software. TBS will be delivered for about 5-6 minutes, five days a week for two weeks, for a total of ten sessions.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in Worry Severity From Baseline to Post-intervention as Measured by the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ)	Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) scores range from 16 to 80 with higher levels indicating greater worry severity.	Baseline and within 2 weeks post-TMS intervention
Participants Who Responded to TMS	The breakdown of participants who responded to TMS treatment; responders had Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) scores that decreased by 30% or more from the baseline timepoint to the end of TMS treatment.	Baseline and the end of TMS intervention (approximately two weeks)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Carmen Andreescu
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Carmen Andreescu, MD, University of Pittsburgh

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Saeki T, Nakamura M, Hirai N, Noda Y, Hayasaka S, Iwanari H, Hirayasu Y. Localized potentiation of sleep slow-wave activity induced by prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with a major depressive episode. Brain Stimul. 2013 May;6(3):390-6. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.08.004. Epub 2012 Aug 31.
• Rosenquist PB, Krystal A, Heart KL, Demitrack MA, McCall WV. Left dorsolateral prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): sleep factor changes during treatment in patients with pharmacoresistant major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2013 Jan 30;205(1-2):67-73. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.011. Epub 2012 Sep 25.
• Golden J, Conroy RM, Bruce I, Denihan A, Greene E, Kirby M, Lawlor BA. The spectrum of worry in the community-dwelling elderly. Aging Ment Health. 2011 Nov;15(8):985-94. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2011.583621. Epub 2011 Jul 12.
• Tully PJ, Cosh SM, Baune BT. A review of the affects of worry and generalized anxiety disorder upon cardiovascular health and coronary heart disease. Psychol Health Med. 2013;18(6):627-44. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2012.749355. Epub 2013 Jan 16.

Helpful Links

• The homepage for the Geriatric Psychiatry Neuroimaging Lab.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): December 6, 2018
• Primary Completion (Actual): May 4, 2022
• Study Completion (Actual): May 4, 2022

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: May 31, 2018
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 2, 2018
• First Posted (Actual): July 5, 2018

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): June 22, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 30, 2023
• Last Verified: May 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: MRI; magnetic resonance imaging; functional magnetic resonance imaging; sleep; fMRI; TMS; transcranial magnetic stimulation; intermittent theta burst stimulation; iTBS
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Anxiety Disorders
• Other Study ID Numbers: STUDY19020109

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: Yes
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No