Psilocybe Cubensis Mushrooms With or Without Fluoxetine for Refractory Depression (COGUNILA)

This Phase 2a pilot, exploratory, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial will estimate whether concurrent fluoxetine alters the antidepressant effect, acute psychedelic experience, or safety of a psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy session in adults with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (TRD). Eligible participants (ages 25-64) have DSM-5-TR MDD, moderate-severe, MADRS ≥20, and partial response in the current episode (≥1 adequate antidepressant trial of 6-12 weeks with <50% symptom reduction). All participants receive one dosing session with 3g of standardized Psilocybe mushrooms - with batch assay (e.g., LC-MS) to determine the amount of psilocybin and psilocin present in the sample - with manualized preparation and integration. Participants are randomized 1:1 to fluoxetine 20 mg/day or matching placebo for 4 weeks, started 2 weeks before the psychedelic session and continued 2 weeks after. Masking is quadruple (participant, care provider, investigator, outcomes assessor). The primary outcome is change in MADRS from Baseline to Week 4, assessed by a remote, blinded rater. Key secondary outcomes include response (≥50% MADRS reduction) and remission (MADRS ≤10) at Week 4, and durability at Week 6. Exploratory outcomes assess the psychedelic experience (5D-ASC, SOCQ), psychological flexibility (AAQ-10), and safety/tolerability (UKU and adverse events). Findings will be interpreted as estimates with 95% confidence intervals to inform the design of a subsequent confirmatory trial.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Depressive Disorder
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Psilocybin and Psilocyn; Behavioral: Psychotherapy-assisted session; Drug: Fluoxetine; Drug: Placebo

Detailed Description

This is a Phase 2a pilot, exploratory, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial designed to estimate the effect of concurrent fluoxetine on the efficacy, acute psychedelic experience, and safety of a psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy session in adults with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (TRD).

Rationale. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) rapidly increase synaptic 5-HT via SERT blockade (days), whereas receptor-level adaptations (e.g., 5-HT2A down-regulation/desensitization) typically require weeks. By administering the psychedelic session after 2 weeks of fluoxetine (and continuing fluoxetine for 2 additional weeks), the study primarily probes the impact of SERT blockade per se on the psychedelic experience and antidepressant outcomes, while minimizing later, slower receptor adaptations. The design-psychedelic for both arms with blinding of fluoxetine vs matching placebo-also improves masking compared with classic "psychedelic vs placebo" trials and directly addresses the practical question of whether SSRI co-administration attenuates, has no meaningful impact, or improves tolerability.

Participants and eligibility. Adults ≥25 and <65 years with current DSM-5-TR MDD, moderate to severe, confirmed by SCID-5, and MADRS ≥20 at baseline. TRD is defined here as Partial Response in the current episode: ≥1 adequate antidepressant trial (therapeutic dose for ≥6-12 weeks, adherence ≥80%) with <50% symptom reduction or clinically significant residual symptoms. Key exclusions include bipolar/psychotic disorders (personal) or first-degree family history, acute suicide risk, contraindications to study medications, unstable medical illness, and current use of serotonergic agents that cannot meet protocol-defined washout. (Full Inclusion/Exclusion lists appear in the Eligibility section.)

Interventions. All participants receive a single psychedelic-assisted session with manualized preparation (2 sessions), dosing-day support, and integration (2 sessions). Administration will be carried out with 3g of standardized Psilocybe mushrooms for all participants, with batch assay (e.g., LC-MS) to determine the amount of psilocybin and psilocin present in the sample. Participants are randomized 1:1 to:

Fluoxetine 20 mg/day for 4 weeks (started 2 weeks before the psychedelic session and continued 2 weeks after), or Matching placebo for 4 weeks on the same schedule. Randomization and masking. Allocation is randomized 1:1, stratified by baseline severity (MADRS 20-29 vs ≥30) using permuted blocks of variable size. Masking is quadruple (participants, care providers, investigators, and outcome assessors). Fluoxetine and placebo are provided in identical capsules; blinding integrity is assessed post-dose and at Week 4 (guess + confidence).

Assessments and instruments. Depressive symptoms are measured primarily with MADRS (Baseline, Week 1, Pre-dose/Week 2, Week 4, Week 6). For characterization/triage, HAM-D-21 may be used at baseline. The psychedelic experience is measured with 5D-ASC (6-24 h post-dose) and SOCQ (~24 h post-dose). Psychological flexibility is assessed with AAQ-10 (Baseline, Week 4, Week 6). Safety is captured with the UKU Side Effect Rating Scale at Baseline, Week 1, Pre-dose/Week 2, 24-48 h post-dose, Week 4, Week 5 and Week 6; adverse events and serious adverse events are recorded throughout.

Outcome measures. Primary outcome: Change in MADRS total score from Baseline to Week 4. Key secondary outcomes: Response (≥50% MADRS reduction) at Week 4; Remission (MADRS ≤10) at Week 4; durability (Baseline→Week 6 change); UKU totals/subscales and incidence of adverse events (any, moderate-severe) and serious adverse events.

Exploratory outcomes: 5D-ASC total/domains and proportion meeting "complete mystical experience"; SOCQ selected domains; AAQ-10 changes (Baseline→Week 4/6); correlations between psychedelic-experience metrics and antidepressant outcomes; comparative profiles of adverse effects between arms.

Statistical approach. The primary analysis compares arms using ANCOVA for Week-4 MADRS, adjusting for baseline MADRS (continuous). Results are presented as adjusted mean difference, 95% confidence interval, and standardized effect size (e.g., Hedges g). Given the pilot nature (N=24), inference is estimative rather than confirmatory; findings are interpreted with reference to a clinically meaningful margin for exploratory non-inferiority (e.g., -4 MADRS points). Secondary and exploratory outcomes are summarized with effect estimates and 95% CIs; p-values, if reported, are descriptive. A linear mixed model using all time points may be used as a sensitivity analysis for missing data assumed missing-at-random.

Safety and oversight. Safety monitoring includes systematic UKU assessments and continuous adverse-event surveillance from consent through Week 6, with prespecified criteria for temporary interruption or discontinuation. Concomitant medications that could compromise masking or interact serotonergically are restricted per protocol; permitted rescue options and timing windows are specified to protect outcome integrity.

This Phase 2a pilot aims to inform feasibility, mechanism, and effect size by directly testing whether concurrent fluoxetine meaningfully alters the acute psychedelic experience, antidepressant response, or tolerability/safety of psychedelic-assisted therapy in TRD.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 24
• Phase: Phase 2; Phase 1

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Francisney P Nascimento, 1; Phone Number: +55 45 99933-3479; Email: ensaios.clinicos.lcp@unila.edu.br

Study Locations

• Brazil
  • Paraná
    • Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brazil, 85870-650
      • Recruiting
      • Federal University of Latin American Integration
      • Contact: Francisney P Nascimento, 1; Phone Number: +55 45 99933-3479; Email: ensaios.clinicos.lcp@unila.edu.br

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria Age: ≥25 and <65 years. Diagnosis: Current Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), moderate to severe, per DSM-5-TR, confirmed with SCID-5.

Baseline severity: MADRS ≥20 at baseline (reassessed at the pre-dose visit to confirm ongoing eligibility).

Partial Response in the current episode (PRD): ≥1 adequate antidepressant trial in this episode (therapeutic dose for ≥6-12 weeks, adherence ≥80%) with <50% symptom reduction or clinically significant residual symptoms.

Clinical stability and ability to provide informed consent; willingness to comply with all study procedures (preparation, dosing session, integration, and follow-ups).

Contraception: For participants with reproductive potential, negative pregnancy test and agreement to use effective contraception during the study.

Exclusion Criteria Psychiatric disorders: Bipolar I/II disorder, any psychotic disorder, or current MDD with psychotic features; first-degree family history of psychotic or bipolar disorder.

Suicide risk: Acute suicidal risk, e.g., active suicidal ideation with intent or plan, recent attempt, or clinical judgment requiring urgent intervention.

Interacting medications: Current use of serotonergic antidepressants (SSRI/SNRI/MAOI, clomipramine) or other pro-serotonergic agents (e.g., triptans, linezolid, lithium, tramadol, dextromethorphan) that cannot be discontinued per protocol-defined washout.

Other psychotropics: Unstable doses of antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, or long-acting benzodiazepines within the last 2 weeks; need for medications that would compromise blinding on the dosing day.

Psychotherapy changes: Initiation or major change in psychotherapy within 2 weeks prior to baseline (to preserve clinical stability).

Medical conditions: Clinically significant or unstable medical illness (cardiovascular, neurological, hepatic, renal), prolonged QTc, known hypersensitivity/contraindication to fluoxetine or study materials.

Pregnancy or breastfeeding. Substance use: Current substance use disorder (excluding nicotine/caffeine) within the past 3 months; non-medical cannabis use that cannot meet the pre-dose abstinence window (e.g., ≥72 h).

Any condition that, in the investigator's opinion, would make participation unsafe or interfere with the assessments.

Washout note (to include in Procedures/Eligibility):

SSRIs/SNRIs: 7 days or ≥5 half-lives; prior fluoxetine: ≥6 weeks; MAOIs: ≥14 days before randomization/dosing. Participants must be willing and able to follow the washout schedule.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Triple

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Psilocybin + Fluoxetine; 2 preparation sessions for the psychedelic experience; dosing session with 3g Psilocybe mushrooms (single oral dose), with psychotherapy assistance; integration sessions Fluoxetine 20 mg/day for 4 weeks (started 2 weeks before dosing and continued 2 weeks after)	Drug: Psilocybin and Psilocyn; Oral dose administered via Psilocybe mushrooms material batch-assayed by LC-MS to standardize psilocybin and psilocyn content.; Behavioral: Psychotherapy-assisted session; Same manualized procedures as Arm 1.; Drug: Fluoxetine; 20 mg/day for 4 weeks (-14 to +14 days relative to dosing day).
Placebo Comparator: Psilocybin + Placebo; 2 preparation sessions for the psychedelic experience; dosing session with 3g Psilocybe mushrooms (single oral dose), with psychotherapy assistance; integration sessions Pharmaceutical grade talc, matching placebo (identical capsules), daily for 4 weeks (started 2 weeks before dosing and continued 2 weeks after).	Drug: Psilocybin and Psilocyn; Oral dose administered via Psilocybe mushrooms material batch-assayed by LC-MS to standardize psilocybin and psilocyn content.; Behavioral: Psychotherapy-assisted session; Same manualized procedures as Arm 1.; Drug: Placebo; Matching capsules, once daily for 4 weeks (-14 to +14 days).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)	The primary antidepressant outcome is the change in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score from baseline (Day 0) to Week 4. MADRS ranges 0-60 (higher = more severe). Interviews will be conducted by a remote, blinded, independent assessor using the structured interview guide at Baseline, Week 1, Pre-dose (Week 2), Week 4 and Week 6. The primary contrast will be the adjusted difference between arms at Week 4 (ANCOVA controlling for baseline MADRS); effect size and 95% CI will be reported.	4 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
MADRS Remission	Proportion of participants with MADRS total score ≤10 at Week 4.	4 week
Durability of Antidepressant Effect	Change in MADRS total score from baseline to Week 6.	6 week
Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)	Proportion of participants achieving ≥50% reduction in MADRS total score from baseline to Week 4.	4 week
Side Effect Rating Scale UKU	UKU Side Effect Rating Scale total and subscales (psychic, neurologic, autonomic, sexual); incidence of adverse events (any; moderate-severe) and serious adverse events.	Baseline; Week 1; Pre-dose (Week 2); 24-48 h post-dose; Week 4; Week 6

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Quality of Psychedelic Experience (SOCQ)	States of Consciousness Questionnaire (SOCQ) selected domains (pre-specified) to characterize phenomenology beyond MEQ-30 and explore correlations with antidepressant outcomes.	~24 h after the dosing session
Acceptance and Action Questionnaire - AAQ-10	Change in Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (10- item) score from baseline to Week 4 and Week 6; exploratory correlations with ΔMADRS and 5D-ASC/SOCQ.	Baseline to Week 4; Baseline to Week 6
5-Dimensions Altered States of Consciousness (5D-ASC)	Change in 5-Dimensions Altered States of Consciousness (5D-ASC) total and domain scores to assess the global and detailed phenomenology of the psychedelic experience and to explore correlations with antidepressant outcomes.	24 hours after the dosing session

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Federal University of Latin American Integration
• Investigators: Study Director: Francisney P Nascimento, 1, Federal University of Latin American Integration

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): September 5, 2024
• Primary Completion (Estimated): August 20, 2026
• Study Completion (Estimated): November 20, 2026

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: November 30, 2024
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 20, 2025
• First Posted (Actual): March 27, 2025

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): March 27, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 23, 2026
• Last Verified: March 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Depression; Treatment; Psilocybin; Psychedelics; Fluoxetine
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Behavioral Symptoms; Mood Disorders; Behavior; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Organic Chemicals; Heterocyclic Compounds; Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring; Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring; Alkaloids; Amines; Indoles; Indole Alkaloids; Indolizidines; Indolizines; Propylamines; Tryptamines; Fluoxetine; Psilocybin
• Other Study ID Numbers: COGUNILA; CAAE: 77979424.0.0000.0107 (Registry Identifier: BRAZIL PLATFORM)

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No