PRECEDE-PROCEED BASED FIRST AID TRAINING: SELF-EFFICACY, SKILL AND COST ANALYSIS IN HIGH SCHOLL STUDENTS

THE EFFECT OF A FIRST AID TRAINING PROGRAM DEVELOPED BASED ON THE PRECEDE-PROCEED MODEL ON THE SELF-EFFICACY AND SKILL LEVELS OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS, AND A COST ANALYSIS OF THE PROGRAM.

This research has two objectives. Firstly, to determine the effect of a first aid training program, developed based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, on the first aid knowledge, self-efficacy, and skill levels of high school students. Secondly, to conduct a cost analysis of the first aid training program. This study is a randomized controlled experimental follow-up study. The research is planned to be conducted in the Aliağa district of İzmir during the fall and spring semesters of the 2026-2027 academic year. The study population will consist of all 10th-grade students who will be studying at the selected high school during the fall semester of the 2026-2027 academic year. Ninth-grade students were excluded from the sample due to their school orientation process, and 11th and 12th-grade students were excluded due to academic intensity and exam anxiety related to their preparation for higher education entrance exams. A complete enumeration method was adopted for sample selection, and all 6 classes (n=187) were included in the study. The sample size calculation was performed based on the information that there are a total of 187 students in 6 different classes currently in 9th grade who will be entering 10th grade in the fall semester of the 2025-2026 academic year.Cluster Randomization was used to assign classes to experimental and control groups. A ranking system was created among the classes using the random.org digital random assignment tool. As a result of this assignment, classes 10-E, 10-D, and 10-F, which ranked first and third respectively, were designated as the Experimental Group, while classes 10-A, 10-C, and 10-B, which ranked third, were designated as the Control Group.To protect student identities and match pre-test and post-test data, a coding system will be used: [Group Letter (D/K)] + [Class/Branch Code] + [Student Sequence/List Number] (e.g., D10B12: The 12th student in the experimental group, class 10-B). To prevent intergroup interaction, the application is designed to be sequential. The experimental group will be applied after all training and data collection processes for the control group are completed. Experimental Group: Before the training, students in the experimental group will be administered a "Personal Information Form, First Aid Information Form, and First Aid Self-Efficacy Scale." Following this, a first aid training program developed based on PRECEDE-PROCEED will be implemented in the students' classrooms. As part of the training program, students will be individually given first aid interventions to assess their skills. Following the training, and then one month and three months after the training, the "First Aid Knowledge Form, First Aid Self-Efficacy Scale, and First Aid Application Skills Assessment Form" will be administered, respectively. Control Group: Students in the control group will be administered the "Personal Information Form, First Aid Knowledge Form, and First Aid Self-Efficacy Scale" before the training. Students will be given brochures based on traditional training methods. For application skills, video training will be conducted on the interactive whiteboard in the control group classrooms. If interactive whiteboards are not available, video training will be conducted for all students in the control group using a projector in the conference halls. After the video presentation, students will be given individual skill practice exercises. Following the brochure and video training, and then one month and three months after the training, the "First Aid Knowledge Form, First Aid Self-Efficacy Scale, and First Aid Application Skills Assessment Form" will be administered, respectively.

Study Overview

• Status: Not yet recruiting
• Conditions: Adolescent; School Health; First Aid Training
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: First aid training program developed based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model.; Other: control group

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 187
• Phase: Not Applicable

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Child; Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Participation Criteria:

• Students enrolled in the relevant high school
• Students who have received informed consent from their parents or legal guardians.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Students who have previously received certified first aid training from a professional institution
• Students with chronic orthopedic, neurological, or cardiovascular conditions that would prevent them from practicing
• Students who have recently experienced a traumatic accident or loss
• Students who have left/transferred from the school during the academic term.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Basic Science
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Experiment; The experimental group will receive model-based training.	Other: First aid training program developed based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model.; The experimental group will receive first aid training based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model.
Experimental: Control; The control group will be given a brochure and shown the video.	Other: control group; A video will be shown and brochures will be distributed.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
First Aid Knowledge Score	Assessed using the First Aid Knowledge Form developed by the researchers based on current guidelines. The form consists of 26 multiple-choice questions evaluating knowledge across key topics (General Safety, Musculoskeletal Injuries, Bleeding, Choking, Airway Obstruction, and Basic Life Support). Each correct answer is awarded 1 point, with total scores ranging from 0 to 26. Higher scores indicate greater first aid knowledge.	Baseline, 1 month, and 3 months post-training
First Aid Self-Efficacy Score	Assessed using the First Aid Self-Efficacy Scale (developed by Gülmez Dağ and Çapa Aydın, 2015). The scale contains 25 items rated on a 9-point Likert scale ranging from 1 ("inadequate") to 9 ("very adequate"). The overall score ranges from 25 to 225, calculated by summing all items (subscales include "Life Support First Aid Self-Efficacy" and "Basic First Aid Self-Efficacy"). Higher scores indicate a higher level of perceived self-efficacy in first aid.	Baseline, 1 month, and 3 months post-training
First Aid Practical Skills Score	Assessed using the First Aid Practical Skills Evaluation Form developed by the researchers. Participants' skill performance is evaluated simultaneously and independently by two blinded first aid instructors. Each step is scored on a 3-point scale: 0 = Not Performed/Incorrect, 1 = Partially/Incompletely Performed, and 2 = Fully and Correctly Performed. Total scores are calculated by summing the steps evaluated, where higher scores reflect better practical skill competence.	Baseline, 1 month, and 3 months post-training

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Izmir Katip Celebi University
• Investigators: Study Director: Medine YILMAZ, Professor Doctor, İzmir Katip Çelebi University; Principal Investigator: Kübra KABALCI, Expert, İzmir Katip Çelebi University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Estimated): October 5, 2026
• Primary Completion (Estimated): April 1, 2027
• Study Completion (Estimated): December 1, 2027

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: August 8, 2026
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 13, 2026
• First Posted (Actual): August 18, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): August 18, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 13, 2026
• Last Verified: August 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Investigative Techniques; Epidemiologic Research Design; Epidemiologic Methods; Research Design; Methods; Control Groups
• Other Study ID Numbers: 16.7.2026/0596

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No