Autonomic and Peripheral Neurochemical Responses to Maximal Rowing Exercise
Integrated Autonomic, Neuroendocrine and Peripheral Neurochemical Responses to Maximal Rowing Exercise and Early Recovery in Elite Athletes
The goal of this observational study is to characterize autonomic, neuroendocrine, and peripheral neurochemical responses to maximal rowing exercise and early recovery in highly trained male athletes.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
- How do circulating concentrations of cortisol, testosterone, dopamine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and the testosterone-to-cortisol ratio change in response to maximal rowing exercise and during the first hour of recovery?
- How do autonomic cardiovascular parameters, including heart rate variability, blood pressure variability, and baroreflex sensitivity, change 3 hours after maximal exercise compared with baseline values?
- Do endocrine, peripheral neurochemical, and autonomic responses demonstrate similar or divergent recovery patterns following maximal exercise?
Participants will:
- Perform a maximal 6,000-m rowing ergometer test.
- Undergo venous blood sampling before exercise, immediately after exercise, and 1 hour after exercise recovery for assessment of endocrine and peripheral neurochemical markers.
- Undergo noninvasive cardiovascular and autonomic assessment using the Task Force Monitor System before exercise and 3 hours after exercise recovery.
Tutkimuksen yleiskatsaus
Yksityiskohtainen kuvaus
This observational study was conducted to investigate physiological responses to maximal rowing exercise and subsequent recovery in highly trained male athletes. The study employed a repeated-measures design, allowing assessment of exercise-induced changes across multiple physiological systems during distinct phases of recovery.
Participants completed a maximal 6,000-m rowing ergometer test under standardized laboratory conditions. Biological and physiological measurements were collected before exercise and during recovery according to a predefined protocol. Venous blood samples were obtained at baseline, immediately after exercise, and after 1 hour of recovery. Noninvasive autonomic and cardiovascular assessments were performed using the Task Force Monitor System before exercise and after 3 hours of recovery. The protocol was designed to capture both immediate biochemical responses and delayed autonomic recovery following maximal exercise.
The study focused on endocrine, peripheral neurochemical, and autonomic cardiovascular regulation. Peripheral neurochemical markers were assessed from blood samples and interpreted as components of the peripheral physiological response to exercise rather than direct indicators of central nervous system activity.
Data collection was performed under controlled laboratory conditions using standardized procedures. All measurements were obtained by trained investigators using calibrated equipment. Data quality was verified through routine review of laboratory and physiological recordings. Implausible values and technical artifacts were identified and evaluated before statistical analysis.
The planned sample size was based on the availability of elite athletes meeting the inclusion criteria and the repeated-measures design of the study. Statistical analyses were conducted using repeated-measures approaches appropriate for longitudinal within-subject data. Data distribution was assessed prior to analysis. Parametric or non-parametric tests were applied as appropriate. Effect sizes were calculated to complement significance testing. Associations between selected physiological variables were explored using correlation analyses. Missing data were handled using complete-case analysis, with no imputation procedures applied.
Opintotyyppi
Ilmoittautuminen (Todellinen)
Yhteystiedot ja paikat
Opiskelupaikat
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Poznań
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Poznan, Poznań, Puola, 61-871
- Poznań University of Physical Education
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Osallistumiskriteerit
Kelpoisuusvaatimukset
Opintokelpoiset iät
- Aikuinen
Hyväksyy terveitä vapaaehtoisia
Näytteenottomenetelmä
Tutkimusväestö
Kuvaus
Inclusion Criteria:
- Highly trained rowers competing at the national or international level
- Regular participation in structured rowing training
- Current sports medical clearance for maximal exercise testing
- Ability to complete a maximal 6,000-m rowing ergometer test
- Written informed consent to participate in the study
Exclusion Criteria:
- Acute illness, infection, or injury before testing
- Diagnosed cardiovascular, metabolic, neurological, endocrine, or inflammatory disorder
- Use of medications or supplements that could affect cardiovascular, endocrine, metabolic, or neurochemical responses
- Inability to complete the maximal 6,000-m rowing ergometer test
- Inability or refusal to provide blood samples
- Non-compliance with study procedures or pre-test instructions
Opintosuunnitelma
Miten tutkimus on suunniteltu?
Suunnittelun yksityiskohdat
Kohortit ja interventiot
Ryhmä/Kohortti |
Interventio / Hoito |
|---|---|
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Male elite rowers
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Participants completed a single maximal 6,000-m rowing ergometer test.
The intervention was distinguished by a standardized all-out rowing protocol combined with peripheral blood sampling before exercise, immediately after exercise, and after 1 hour of recovery, as well as noninvasive autonomic and cardiovascular assessment at baseline and 3 hours after exercise.
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Female elite rowers
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Participants completed a single maximal 6,000-m rowing ergometer test.
The intervention was distinguished by a standardized all-out rowing protocol combined with peripheral blood sampling before exercise, immediately after exercise, and after 1 hour of recovery, as well as noninvasive autonomic and cardiovascular assessment at baseline and 3 hours after exercise.
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Mitä tutkimuksessa mitataan?
Ensisijaiset tulostoimenpiteet
Tulosmittaus |
Toimenpiteen kuvaus |
Aikaikkuna |
|---|---|---|
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Change from baseline in serum cortisol concentration
Aikaikkuna: Baseline (pre-exercise), 0 minutes post-exercise, and 60 minutes post-exercise.
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Marker of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation and exercise-induced endocrine response.
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Baseline (pre-exercise), 0 minutes post-exercise, and 60 minutes post-exercise.
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Change from baseline in serum testosterone concentration
Aikaikkuna: Baseline (pre-exercise), 0 minutes post-exercise, and 60 minutes post-exercise.
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Marker of anabolic status and exercise-induced endocrine response.
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Baseline (pre-exercise), 0 minutes post-exercise, and 60 minutes post-exercise.
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Change from baseline in testosterone-to-cortisol ratio (T/C)
Aikaikkuna: Baseline (pre-exercise), 0 minutes post-exercise, and 60 minutes post-exercise.
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Marker of anabolic-catabolic balance during exercise and recovery.
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Baseline (pre-exercise), 0 minutes post-exercise, and 60 minutes post-exercise.
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Change from baseline in serum dopamine concentration
Aikaikkuna: Baseline (pre-exercise), 0 minutes post-exercise, and 60 minutes post-exercise.
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Peripheral neurochemical marker associated with physiological responses to exercise and recovery.
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Baseline (pre-exercise), 0 minutes post-exercise, and 60 minutes post-exercise.
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Change from baseline in serum serotonin concentration
Aikaikkuna: Baseline (pre-exercise), 0 minutes post-exercise, and 60 minutes post-exercise.
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Peripheral neurochemical marker associated with exercise-induced physiological responses and recovery processes.
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Baseline (pre-exercise), 0 minutes post-exercise, and 60 minutes post-exercise.
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Change from baseline in serum gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration
Aikaikkuna: Baseline (pre-exercise), 0 minutes post-exercise, and 60 minutes post-exercise.
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Peripheral neurochemical marker involved in physiological regulatory processes during exercise and recovery.
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Baseline (pre-exercise), 0 minutes post-exercise, and 60 minutes post-exercise.
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Change from baseline in systolic blood pressure (sBP)
Aikaikkuna: Baseline (pre-exercise) and 180 minutes post-exercise.
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Continuous beat-to-beat systolic blood pressure measured using the Task Force Monitor System.
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Baseline (pre-exercise) and 180 minutes post-exercise.
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Change from baseline in diastolic blood pressure (dBP)
Aikaikkuna: Baseline (pre-exercise) and 180 minutes post-exercise.
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Continuous beat-to-beat diastolic blood pressure measured using the Task Force Monitor System.
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Baseline (pre-exercise) and 180 minutes post-exercise.
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Change from baseline in mean blood pressure (mBP)
Aikaikkuna: Baseline (pre-exercise) and 180 minutes post-exercise.
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Continuous beat-to-beat mean arterial pressure measured using the Task Force Monitor System.
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Baseline (pre-exercise) and 180 minutes post-exercise.
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Change from baseline in heart rate (HR)
Aikaikkuna: Baseline (pre-exercise) and 180 minutes post-exercise.
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Heart rate derived from continuous electrocardiographic recordings.
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Baseline (pre-exercise) and 180 minutes post-exercise.
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Change from baseline in total power spectral density of RR intervals (PSD-RRI)
Aikaikkuna: Baseline (pre-exercise) and 180 minutes post-exercise.
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Total spectral power of heart rate variability obtained from power spectral analysis of RR intervals.
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Baseline (pre-exercise) and 180 minutes post-exercise.
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Change from baseline in low-frequency power of RR intervals (LF-RRI)
Aikaikkuna: Baseline (pre-exercise) and 180 minutes post-exercise.
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Low-frequency component of heart rate variability (0.04-0.15 Hz), reflecting combined sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation.
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Baseline (pre-exercise) and 180 minutes post-exercise.
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Change from baseline in high-frequency power of RR intervals (HF-RRI)
Aikaikkuna: Baseline (pre-exercise) and 180 minutes post-exercise.
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High-frequency component of heart rate variability (0.17-0.40 Hz), considered an indicator of parasympathetic modulation.
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Baseline (pre-exercise) and 180 minutes post-exercise.
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Change from baseline in LF/HF ratio
Aikaikkuna: Baseline (pre-exercise) and 180 minutes post-exercise.
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Ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency spectral power used as an index of sympathovagal balance.
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Baseline (pre-exercise) and 180 minutes post-exercise.
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Change from baseline in baroreflex sensitivity (BRS)
Aikaikkuna: Baseline (pre-exercise) and 180 minutes post-exercise.
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Index of baroreflex function calculated using the spontaneous sequence method.
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Baseline (pre-exercise) and 180 minutes post-exercise.
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Change from baseline in baroreflex effectiveness index (BEI)
Aikaikkuna: Baseline (pre-exercise) and 180 minutes post-exercise.
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Index quantifying the effectiveness of baroreflex-mediated cardiovascular regulation.
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Baseline (pre-exercise) and 180 minutes post-exercise.
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Toissijaiset tulostoimenpiteet
Tulosmittaus |
Toimenpiteen kuvaus |
Aikaikkuna |
|---|---|---|
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Change from baseline in blood lactate concentration
Aikaikkuna: Baseline (pre-exercise), 0 minutes post-exercise, and 60 minutes post-exercise.
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Marker of metabolic response to maximal rowing exercise and early recovery.
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Baseline (pre-exercise), 0 minutes post-exercise, and 60 minutes post-exercise.
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Yhteistyökumppanit ja tutkijat
Yhteistyökumppanit
Tutkijat
- Opintojen puheenjohtaja: Anna Skarpańska-Stejnborn, Professor, Poznan University of Physical Education, Gorzów Wielkopolski; Faculty of Sport Sciences in Gorzów Wielkopolski;
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Ensimmäinen toimitettu, joka täytti QC-kriteerit
Ensimmäinen Lähetetty (Todellinen)
Tutkimustietojen päivitykset
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Viimeisin lähetetty päivitys, joka täytti QC-kriteerit
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