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The Effects of Lemon Essential Oil Inhalation on Attention in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

2026年5月8日 更新者：Başakşehir Çam & Sakura City Hospital

Lemon Essential Oil Inhalation Improves Sustained Attention in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Placebo-Controlled Trial

This randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial aims to evaluate the acute effects of lemon essential oil inhalation on sustained attention and visual memory in children diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Fifty-two medication-naive children aged 9-16 were randomized to receive either lemon oil or placebo inhalation before cognitive assessments. Primary outcome was sustained attention performance. The study found significant improvements in attention scores in the lemon oil group.

調査の概要

状態

完了

条件

介入・治療

詳細な説明

This randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blind clinical trial investigates the acute effects of lemon essential oil (LEO) inhalation on sustained attention and visual memory in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Essential oils, particularly those rich in monoterpenes such as limonene, have demonstrated neuroactive properties through cholinergic modulation and limbic-prefrontal engagement via the olfactory pathway.

Fifty-two children aged 9-16 years, newly diagnosed with ADHD and not receiving any pharmacological treatment, were randomized to either the LEO group or the placebo group. Participants in the LEO group inhaled 5 drops of 100% pure Citrus limon essential oil via a cotton pad for five minutes prior to cognitive testing. The placebo group received an identical application with odorless distilled water.

Cognitive performance was assessed at baseline and 30 days later using the D2 Attention Test (primary outcome) and the Benton Visual Memory Test (secondary outcome). The entire intervention was conducted under standardized conditions, with blinded outcome assessment and strict adherence to procedural fidelity.

This study is the first to evaluate the short-term cognitive effects of lemon essential oil inhalation in children with clinical ADHD and aims to provide evidence for potential non-pharmacological support strategies.

研究の種類

介入

入学 (実際)

52

段階

  • 適用できない

連絡先と場所

このセクションには、調査を実施する担当者の連絡先の詳細と、この調査が実施されている場所に関する情報が記載されています。

研究場所

参加基準

研究者は、適格基準と呼ばれる特定の説明に適合する人を探します。これらの基準のいくつかの例は、人の一般的な健康状態または以前の治療です。

適格基準

就学可能な年齢

  • 子

健康ボランティアの受け入れ

はい

説明

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Children aged 9 to 16 years
  • Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) based on DSM-5 criteria
  • Medication-naive (not currently using or previously treated with pharmacological agents for ADHD)
  • No chronic medical or psychiatric comorbidities
  • Capable of completing standardized cognitive assessments (e.g., D2 Attention Test, Benton Visual Memory Test)
  • Written informed consent obtained from a parent or legal guardian
  • Written assent obtained from the child

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Lack of written parental consent or child assent
  • Inability to comply with the study protocol (e.g., refusal to complete cognitive testing or intervention procedure)
  • Current or prior use of ADHD medication
  • Presence of moderate-to-severe ADHD symptoms requiring immediate pharmacological treatment (based on AACAP 2020 and NICE 2019 guidelines)
  • Presence of any chronic medical or psychiatric comorbid condition
  • Diagnosis not confirmed by a board-certified child and adolescent psychiatrist

研究計画

このセクションでは、研究がどのように設計され、研究が何を測定しているかなど、研究計画の詳細を提供します。

研究はどのように設計されていますか？

デザインの詳細

  • 主な目的：支持療法
  • 割り当て：ランダム化
  • 介入モデル：並列代入
  • マスキング：独身

武器と介入

参加者グループ / アーム
介入・治療
実験的：Lemon Essential Oil Inhalation (LEO)
Participants in this arm received a single-session inhalation of 100% pure lemon essential oil (Citrus limon) via a sterile cotton pad. Five drops of essential oil were applied to the pad, which was held approximately 5 cm from the participant's nose. The child inhaled the scent for 5 minutes under supervision in a clinical setting. Neuropsychological testing (D2 Attention Test and Benton Visual Memory Test) followed immediately after inhalation.
他の：Lemon Essential Oil Inhalation
This intervention consists of a single-session, short-term olfactory exposure to 100% pure lemon essential oil (Citrus limon, ISO 9235 compliant, GC-MS confirmed composition: limonene 67.2%, β-pinene 12.3%, γ-terpinene 9.8%). Five drops were applied to a sterile cotton pad and held approximately 5 cm from the participant's nose. Participants inhaled the aroma for 5 minutes under direct supervision in a quiet, odor-free clinical setting. This intervention was administered immediately prior to standardized neuropsychological assessments measuring attention and visual memory. No ingestion or topical application occurred.
他の名前：
  • Citrus limon aroma
  • LEO
プラセボコンパレーター：Placebo Inhalation (Distilled Water)
Participants in this arm received a single-session inhalation of distilled water as placebo. Five drops of distilled water were applied to a sterile cotton pad, which was held approximately 5 cm from the participant's nose. The child inhaled the scentless solution for 5 minutes under supervision. Neuropsychological testing (D2 Attention Test and Benton Visual Memory Test) followed immediately after inhalation.
他の：placebo inhalation
The placebo condition involved the same protocol as the intervention group, using five drops of distilled water applied to a sterile cotton pad. The pad was held approximately 5 cm from the participant's nose, and inhalation lasted for 5 minutes. The procedure was designed to mimic the intervention without olfactory stimulation, ensuring consistency in timing, setting, and administration method.

この研究は何を測定していますか？

主要な結果の測定

結果測定
メジャーの説明
時間枠
Change in D2 Attention Test Total Performance Score (TN-E)
時間枠：Baseline and Day 30 (after intervention)
The D2 Attention Test evaluates sustained attention and concentration performance. The TN-E (Total Number of Correct Items minus Errors) score reflects attentional capacity. A higher post-intervention TN-E score indicates improved attention. The difference between baseline and Day 30 scores will be compared between the lemon essential oil group and placebo group.
Baseline and Day 30 (after intervention)

二次結果の測定

結果測定
メジャーの説明
時間枠
Change in Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) Score
時間枠：Baseline and Day 30 (after intervention)
The Benton Visual Retention Test assesses visual memory and visuospatial construction skills. Scores range based on correct reproductions of geometric figures. The change in BVRT scores from baseline to Day 30 will be analyzed to assess the impact of lemon essential oil inhalation versus placebo.
Baseline and Day 30 (after intervention)

協力者と研究者

ここでは、この調査に関係する人々や組織を見つけることができます。

スポンサー

Başakşehir Çam & Sakura City Hospital

研究記録日

これらの日付は、ClinicalTrials.gov への研究記録と要約結果の提出の進捗状況を追跡します。研究記録と報告された結果は、国立医学図書館 (NLM) によって審査され、公開 Web サイトに掲載される前に、特定の品質管理基準を満たしていることが確認されます。

主要日程の研究

研究開始 (実際)

2022年2月15日

一次修了 (実際)

2023年9月30日

研究の完了 (実際)

2023年9月30日

試験登録日

最初に提出

2025年12月24日

QC基準を満たした最初の提出物

2026年5月8日

最初の投稿 (実際)

2026年5月14日

学習記録の更新

投稿された最後の更新 (実際)

2026年5月14日

QC基準を満たした最後の更新が送信されました

2026年5月8日

最終確認日

2025年12月1日

詳しくは

本研究に関する用語

キーワード

追加の関連 MeSH 用語

その他の研究ID番号

  • 10.06.2021-21

個々の参加者データ (IPD) の計画

個々の参加者データ (IPD) を共有する予定はありますか?

いいえ

IPD プランの説明

Individual participant data (IPD) will not be shared for this study due to ethical considerations, privacy protection regulations involving minors, and the absence of prior consent for data sharing beyond the scope of this trial. Additionally, the study was conducted with a small sample size from a single center, limiting the generalizability and reuse of anonymized data for broader analysis.

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米国FDA規制機器製品の研究

いいえ

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